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1、第 1 页 共 8 页高中英语专题教与学（2）定语从句一、定语从句概述：（1）定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，其功能相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。（2）先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。（3）关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词有关系代词which，that，who，whom，whose，as 等，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；关系副词有when，where ， why 等，在从句中充当状语。关系词有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替主句中的先行词；在定语从句中担当一个
2、成分。二、关系代词：关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分；关系代词作宾语或表语时可以省略；关系代词在定语从句中作主语时则不能省略，而且从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语； whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths. （2013 湖南卷）Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked a
3、bout on the bus. 2. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Finally he reached a lonely island which was completely cut off from the outside world. （2013 山东卷）The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 3. that 指人时相当于 who 或 whom；指物时相当于 which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。The number of p
4、eople that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 【注意】有时候，关系代词表示事物的时候，只能用 that，而不能用 which，情况如下： （1）先行词是 all，little ，few，much，anything，everything，nothing ，none 等不定代词时； There is nothing that can stop us making progre
5、ss. （2）当先行词前面有 all，any，no，every，little，few， much，等词来修饰时； You can borrow any book (that) you like. （3）先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时； This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.（4）先行词中既有人又有物时； Luxun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.（5）先行词同时又被 the only 或者 the very 修饰时； Th
6、is is the only problem (that) we cant work out.4. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those whose lives were affected. (2013 福建卷)【注意】若指物，它可以同 of which 互换，指人的时候也可以用 of whom 代替，但是“of+whom
7、/which”的结构必须在名词前加 the。 Please pass me the book whose color is green. =Please pass me the book the color of which / of which the color is green. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. =They rushed over to help the man the car of whom / of whom the car had broken down.三、关系副词：第 2 页
8、 共 8 页关系副词有 when，where 和 why，分别表示时间、地点和原因，在从句中均充当状语，一般情况下可以用“介词+关系代词” 来替换，如 why=for which，where=in/at/on/.which (介词同先行词搭配) ， when=during/on/in/.which (介词同先行词搭配) 。1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school. October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic o
9、f China was founded. 2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform where visitors can watch the bid glasshouses being built. (2013 浙江卷)He wrote a letter where he explains what had happened in the accident. （2013 江西卷）.3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Plea
10、se tell me the reason why you missed the plane. The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 【注意】关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. （=on which）Thats the reason why he failed to come to school. （=for which）Do you know a shop where I can find san
11、dals? （=in which）四、关系代词和关系副词的选择：1、判断关系代词还是关系副词，主要依据从句是否缺少主语、宾语或表语，若不缺少这些成分，那么应使用关系副词，倘若缺少这些成分，就使用关系代词。 I will never forget the days (that) we spent in Hangzhou. （从句中 spent 缺少宾语）I will never forget the days when we studied in Hangzhou. （从句中不缺少主宾表成分）The reason (that) he gave for his absence was unbeli
12、evable. （从句中 gave 缺少宾语）The reason why he was absent at the meeting was not known.（从句中不缺少主宾表成分）2、特殊先行词的特殊关系词：（1）当先行词是 those, he, anyone, she 等时，关系词应使用 who， 而不是 that。Anyone who is late for class should give a reason. He who hasnt reached the Great Wall is not a true man. （2）way 作先行词时，如果从句部分不缺少主宾表成分，那么
13、关系词可以用 that，in which 或不用，而从句缺少主宾表成分，则需要用 that 或者 which。I dont like the way that/in which/(不填) you talk to me. This is the best way that they have found to solve the problem. 五、“介词+关系代词”的用法1、直接跟在介词后面的关系代词只能用 which 和 whom，而不能用 that 或者 who。The man with whom you talked just now is our manager. He handed
14、 me a pen, with which I wrote down my address for him. 【注意】有时，前面的介词可移到定语从句的中间或后面，此时 whom 可用 who, that 代替；which 可以用 that 代替。而且 who, whom, which, that 都可省略。The man who/whom you talked with just now is our manager. He handed me a pen, which I wrote down my address with for him. 2、当先行词是时间、地点、原因时，“介词+ wh
15、ich”可以分别用 when, where, why 代替。 Last week, I visited Shanghai, in which I made several friends. =Last week, I visited Shanghai, where I made several friends. 3、介词的选用：（1）从先行词跟介词的搭配习惯出发。 In front of my house, there is a tree, in which some birds are singing. （2）从定语从句中的动词、形容词与介词的习惯搭配出发。 Do you know the
16、girl with whom the man talked just now? （3）从句子的意义出发。 第 3 页 共 8 页He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from whose effects the people are still suffering.4、名词/代词+介词+ 关系代词 This dictionary, a few pages of which are missing, is of no use.I have many friends, some of whom are businessmen. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom
