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1、部分考研真题汇总（语言学导论部分）北京外国语大学I Explain the following terms.1. langue (2010) II. Answer the following questions.1. How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system? (2010)提示：Both the traffic light system and human linguistic system belong to the language system. Both can convey i
2、nformation to human beings. The key difference lies in duality. Linguists refer “duality”(of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units
3、 (such as morphemes, words, etc). At the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. With duality, our language is endowed with the great productive power.The traffic light system does not have duality, b
4、ecause its primary level does not have independent units which can be united freely into meaningful secondary units. One form corresponds to one meaning. That is, the red light means to stop; the green one means to pass; the yellow one means to pause for pass or stop. The traffic light system is mor
5、e like animal communicative system rather than human language.北京第二外国语大学IComplete each of the following statements.1. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called_.（2004）2. An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how langu
6、age should be used is _.（2004，2008）3. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is _ function. （2005， 2008，2010）4. In Saussures views, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (co
7、ncept) is _.（2005 ）5. By _ is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （2005 ）6. By duality is meant the property of having two levels
8、 of structures, such that units of the _level are composed of elements of the _level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （2006 ）7. According to Chomsky, the object of investigation in linguistics is the ideal speakers _ rather than his performance. （2006）8. In _ lingui
9、stics, languages are studied at a theoretical point in time: one describes a state of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. （2006）9. The features that define our human languages can be called _ features. （2006）10. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,
10、events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _.（2007， 2009）11. Semantics and _ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. （2007）12. Chomsky initiated the distinction between _ and performance. （2007）13. The _ is th
11、e minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. （2008）14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _.（2008， 2010）15. Both semantics and _ investigate
12、linguistic meaning, but they focus on different aspect. (2009)16. If certain linguistics tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is _ linguists. (2009)II. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false.1. The most imp
13、ortant sociological use of language is the recreational function, by which people establish and maintain their status in society. （2005）2. “Competence” and “performance” are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure. （2005）3. The description of a language at some point in time is called diachronic
14、study. （2005, 2007）4. The distinction between “langue” and “parole” was proposed by Chomsky. （2010）IIIComplete each of the following statements using one of the given choices.1. The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speaker of a language is called_.（2010）a. grammar rules b. compet
15、ence c. performance d. language device2. The study of language at one point in time is a _ study. （2010）a. historical b. synchronic c. descriptive d. diachronicIV. Answer the questions briefly.1. Why is it difficult to define language? （2004）2. How do you understand “displacement”, a design feature
16、of language? （2004）3. How do you understand “duality”, a design feature of language? （2010）4. How do you understand the performative function of language? （2009, 2010）5. How do you understand the distinction between langue and parole introduced by Saussure?(2009)6. How do you understand arbitrariness? (2009)V. Write a short essay in about 100 words according to each of the following questions.1. How d
