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1、-11、前言上海奥森油田服务有限公司为渤海石油有限公司（天津）钻井部提供螺杆钻具设备服务，与此同时联同各油田、科研院所，在消化国内外先进技术，结合我国国情的基础上，开发和制造出多种型号的螺杆钻具，能为油田提供满意服务。本手册主要介绍螺杆钻具的性能和使用要求以及注意事项，便于用户更好地了解我公司的钻具，结合钻井的需要，选好、用好、维护好钻具，发挥其应有的技术性能，提高钻井经济效益。2螺杆钻具工作原理螺杆钻具是以泥浆为动力的一种井下动力钻具。泥浆泵泵出的泥浆液流经旁通阀进入马达，在马达进出口处形成一定压差推动马达的转子旋转，并将扭矩和转速通过万向轴和传动轴传递给钻头。螺杆钻具的性能主要取决于螺杆马
2、达的性能参数。3螺杆钻具的组成螺杆钻具由旁通阀、马达、万向轴和传动轴四大总成组成（如图 1）1、IntroductionShanghai Ocean Oilfield Service Co supplied Downhole Motor to Drilling Department of Bohai Offshore Oil Company LTD.(Tianjin), on base of mastering foreign and domestic advanced technology and linking China national situation, has developed
3、 and manufactured some types of screw drills in cooperation with oilfields and scientific research institutes. With them, we may provide satisfactory services to the oilfields.This manual mainly introduces screw drill property, application and cautions, so as for the customers to know well our screw
4、 drills, and to do better selection, application, repair and maintenance of screw drill according to drilling demand. As a result, our screw drill may bring into play in its reliable technical function, to enhance drilling economic efficiency.2、PrincipleScrew drill is a kind of downhole dynamic dril
5、ling tool upon the power of drilling mud. Mud stream from the outlet of mud pump flows through a by-pass valve into the motor. This stream produces pressure loss at both inlet and outlet of the pump, to push the rotor into rotating, and to transmit the torque and speed onto the bit. The screw drill
6、property mainly depends upon its property parameters3、ConstitutionScrew drill is composed of four assemblies of by-pass valve, motor, cardan shaft and drive shaft ( Fig. 1) .31 旁通阀总成它有旁通和关闭两个位置（如图2） ，在起下钻作业过程中处于旁通位置，使钻柱中泥浆循环绕过不工作马达进入环空，这样起下钻时泥浆不溢于井台上。当泥浆流量和压力达到标准设定值时，阀芯下移，关闭旁通阀孔，此时泥浆流经马达，把压力能转变成机械能。
7、当泥浆流量值过小或停泵时，所产生的压力不足以克服弹簧力和静摩擦力时，弹簧把阀芯顶起，旁通阀孔又处于开启位置。32 马达总成它由定子和转子组成。定子是在钢管内壁上压注橡胶衬套而成。橡胶内孔是具有一定几何参数的螺旋。转子是一根有镀铬硬层的螺杆。转子与定子相互啮合，是用两者的导程差而形成的螺旋密封线，同时形成密封腔。随着转子在定子中的转动，密封腔沿着轴向移动，不断的生成与消失，完成其能量转换，这就是螺杆马达的基本工作原理。马达转子的螺旋线有单头和多头之分（定子的螺旋线头数比转子多 1） 。转子的头数越少，转速越高，扭矩越小; 头数越多，转速越低，扭矩越大。图 3 是几种典型马达配合的截面轮廊：3.1
8、 By-pass Valve AssemblyIt has two positions of by-pass and close (Fig.2). It is in by-pass position during trip operation, circulates mud fluid in the drill string into the annular space by-passing the idle motor, so that no mud may spray out onto the platform during the trip operation. When mud flo
9、w rate and pressure reach the setting value, the valve stem moves down and closes the valve. Meanwhile, mud stream flows through the motor, and converts the pressure energy into mechanical energy. As mud flow rate is too low, or mud pump stops, and as the created pressure is not enough to overcome s
10、pring force and static friction force, the spring presses the stem upward ,and by-pass is in open position.3.2 Motor AssemblyIt consists of stator and rotor. Stator is made by squeezing rubber sleeve on the wall of steel tube. There forms spiral structure with a certain geometric parameter. Rotor is
11、 a crome-plated screw rod.Stator and rotor matches with each other, to form spiral line and seal cavity through their guide rail difference. With rotor running in the stator, the seal cavity is moving along its axial direction, continuously forms and disappears ,to complete its energy conversion. Th
12、is is the basic principle of screw drill.Spiral seal line on rotor is divided into single end and multi-end ( stator with one more end than rotor). The less ends the motor has, the higher speed and the lower torque is. The more ends it has, the lower speed and the higher torque is. Fig.3 shows the s
13、ectional profile of several typical motors.-2-3马达定子一个导程组成一个密封腔，也称为一级。每级额定工作压降为 0.8Mpa,最大压降为额定工作压力的 1.3 倍，如四级马达，额定压降应为 3.2Mpa,最大压降为 4.2Mpa。压降超过此值马达就会产生泄漏，转速很快下降，严重时会完全停止转动，甚至造成马达损坏，用户应特别注意。为了确保马达的密封效果，转子与定子之间的配合尺寸与不同井深的温度有关,因此在选择钻具时应尽可能准确地提供给厂家钻具应用场所的井温情况，以便推荐使用松紧配合状态适合的马达。现场使用的泥浆流量应在推荐的范围之内,否则将影响马达效
14、率，甚至马达磨损加快。马达的输出扭矩与马达的压降成正比，输出转速与输入泥浆量成正比，随着负载的增加，钻具的转速有所降低，因此在地面只要根据压力表控制压力，根据流量计控制泵的流量，就可以控制井下钻具的扭矩和转速。321 中空转子马达为了增加钻头的水马力和泥浆的上返速度，将转子加工成为带喷咀的中空转子。此马达的总流量应等于流经马达密封腔流量和流经转子喷咀流量的总和，每种规格的马达都有其推荐的最大和最小流量值。如果流量过大，转子会超速运转，定子和转子会出现提前损坏，如果流量过小，马达将停止转动。因此在选择转子喷咀尺寸时，应确保马达密封腔流量始终保持或高于最小推荐流量值，这样才能使马达正常运转。A g
15、uide rail forms a seal cavity in motor stator. This is called one stage. When the rated working pressure of each stage lows down to 0.8 Mpa, the maximum pressure loss will be 1.3 times of the rated pressure. For an example, for 4-stage motor, the rated pressure loss shall be 3.2 Mpa, maximum pressure loss shall be 4.2 Mpa. As the pressure loss is over such value, motor may bring about leakage and speed will quickly slow down. More seriously, it may cause operation into complete stop, even cause the mot
