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1、第十二篇 The Enemy WithinAllergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food all
2、ergy.Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. _1_ To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it m
3、eets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reacti
4、on, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which co
5、ntain histamine. _2_ As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic
6、 reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately._3_ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma._4_ We eat m
7、ore processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite.There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our i
8、mmune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. _5_A good deal of research is being de
9、voted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future.词汇：allergy n. 过敏，过敏症sufferer n. 患者，受害者asthma n. 哮喘substance n. 物
10、质pollen n. 花粉micro-organism n. 微生物antibodies n. antibody 的复数形式，意为抗体allergen n. 过敏源nut n. 坚果histamine n. 组织胺，组胺tissue n. 人体组织symptom n. 病症，征兆rash n. 疱疹sneezing n. 打喷嚏breathlessness n. 呼吸急促，气喘吁吁anaphylaxis n. 全身性过敏反应，过敏反应wasp n. 黄蜂sting n. 蟄，咬hayfever n. 枯草热，花粉病additives n. 添加剂，食品添加剂cure n. 治疗，解药注释：1s
11、uffer from. 忍受 的折磨2be devoted to sth. .全身心投入于练习：AThe immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.BIn other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.CAllergies run in families.DInternational differences have been associate
12、d with the number of individuals within a population have allergy.EWhen the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.FExperts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens.答案与题解：1A该是对机体免疫系统功能的介绍，
13、而文中对免疫系统的首次提及是在该选项的上一句话，即描述过敏反应是免疫系统的活动，该选项故而可被视为是对上一句话的补充与说明。2E本题做题线索有两点，首先是上下文，本段前几句都是对抗体的描述与介绍，故与选项 E 主题相符，同时第二个做题点为逻辑顺序词，本段的第一句话中提到了 An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen，而该选项中又有了the next time，这两个逻辑顺序词也构成了解题线索。3C该选项在文章的第四段，讲的是过敏反应在特殊人群中的反应，选项 C 的意思为“过敏反应
14、是具有遗传性的”，与该段后一句 some people are born with the ability.相对应。4F文章第五段主要讲的是能导致过敏反应的两个例子，缺少中心句，而选项 C 恰好能对这两个例子进行概括说明，故答案为选项 C。5B该选项为概括总结项，是对前文说的内容进行总结，该段的前面部分提及的是抗生素与过敏反应之间的关系，即其对于人体免疫系统的影响，而该选项则是一个结果性的描述，即免疫系统变得过于敏感了，其可对前文中抗生素的作用进行总结说明。过敏在过去 30 年中，已经变得越来越普及。目前，在我们生活的不同时期内，有 1/3的人发生过过敏，其中半数为儿童。在英国，有 300 万
15、人受哮喘病的折磨，并有 5%的儿童对食物过敏。过敏指的是免疫系统对于通常无害的物质（如花粉、花生）所做出的奇怪且不必要的反应。免疫系统能够保护我们的身体免受外界的侵袭，这些物质包括病毒、细菌以及寄生虫。为了保护人体免受外界的侵袭，免疫系统会记忆这些危险的微生物，并在再次遭遇它们时对其进行攻击。这一功能由抗体完成。过敏患者的免疫系统会对无害物质产生抗体，错误地认定这些物质是危险的。过敏反应在患者首次接触过敏源（造成过敏反应的物质，如花粉、牛奶、草莓）时可能不会发生。有时，人们会在多年正常食用坚果后，突然变得对其过敏，其免疫系统在这一过程中认定该类物质为危险物质并针对其产生了免疫抗体。这种抗体将其
16、自身与人体中含有组织胺的细胞相连接。当再次遭遇这类过敏源时，这一抗体就会试图摧毁它。当抗体发挥功效时，与其连接的细胞的外表会破裂并释放出组胺。组胺及其他化学物质使人体组织发炎。过敏症状就会发生，如浮肿、疱疹、打喷嚏、眼痛及呼吸急促。全身性过敏反应是最严重的过敏性反应，其通常由黄蜂或蜜蜂叮咬或食用花生所致。这类过敏反应必须立刻就医。过敏症会在家庭成员中传播。有些人天生能产生多种过敏抗体，因此他们更容易发生过敏或者过敏性失调，如花粉病及哮喘。专家认为，会有越来越多的人出现过敏反应，因为我们生活方式的变化使我们暴露在越来越多的过敏源之中。我们食用越来越多经过精加工的食物，这些食物添加了多种添加剂与色素；越来越多的人采用了集中供暖系统并使用双层玻璃，这使得我们的房子变得更加温暖且更加密闭，为尘螨提供了完美的繁育环境。过敏还可能与抗生素有关。我们曾一度依靠自身的免疫系统与疾病抗争来保护我们的健康，但抗生素减少了免疫系统本该做的工作。如今，专家们认为，免疫
