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1、1Unit11.What does covenant mean?describe the old covenant and the new. The Old Covenant is the first section of the Christian Bible, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible, a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelites. It is the counterpart to the New Covenant, the Christian Bibles second
2、 section. It includes such diverse materials as prophetic oracles, teachings of wise men, instructions of priests and ancient records of the royal courts. Some material is historical, some is legendary; some is legalistic, some is didactic.The books of the Old Covenant can be broadly divided into se
3、veral sections: 1) the first five books or Pentateuch (Torah); 2) the history books telling the history of the Israelites, from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon; 3) the poetic and Wisdom books dealing, in various forms, with questions of good and evil in the world; 4) an
4、d the books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God.The New Covenant is the second major part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Covenant, which is based on the Hebrew Bible. The Greek New Covenant discusses the teachings and person o
5、f Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Although Christians hold different views from Jews about the Hebrew scriptures of the Old Covenant, Christians regard both the Old and New Covenants together as sacred scripture. The New Covenant (in whole or in part) has frequently accompani
6、ed the spread of Christianity around the world. It reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology and morality. Both extended readings and phrases directly from the New Covenant are also incorporated (along with readings from the Old Covenant) into the various Christian liturgies. The New Co
7、venant has influenced religious, philosophical, and political movements in Christendom, and left an indelible mark on its literature, art, and music.The New Covenant is an anthology, a collection of Christian works written in the common Greek language of the first century, at different times by vari
8、ous writers, who were early Jewish disciples of Jesus. In almost all Christian traditions today, the New Covenant consists of 27 books. 2.What is the meaning of the original sin?Original sin, also called ancestral sin, is the Christian doctrine of humanitys state of sin resulting from the fall of ma
9、n, stemming from Adams rebellion in Eden. This condition has been characterized in many ways, ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a sin nature, to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic gu
10、ilt of all humans through collective guilt.Jewish theologians are divided in regard to the cause of what is called original sin. Some teach that it was due to Adams yielding to temptation in eating of the forbidden fruit and has been inherited by his descendants; the majority, however, do not hold A
11、dam responsible for the sins of humanity, teaching that Adams sins are his alone. However, Adam is recognized as having brought death into the world by 2his disobedience by some theologians. Because of his sin, his descendants will live a mortal life, which will end in death of their bodies. The doc
12、trine of inherited sin is not found in most of mainstream Judaism. Although some in Orthodox Judaism place blame on Adam for overall corruption of the world, and though there were some Jewish teachers in Talmudic times who believed that death was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam
13、s sin, that is not the dominant view in most of Judaism today. Modern Judaism generally teaches that humans are born sin-free and untainted, and choose to sin later and bring suffering to themselves. The concept of inherited sin is also not found in any real form in Islam. Some interpretations of or
14、iginal sin are rejected by other Christian theologies.3.Justification, in Christian theology, is Gods act of removing the guilt and penalty of sin while at the same time declaring a sinner righteous through Christs atoning sacrifice. In Protestantism, righteousness from God is viewed as being credit
15、ed to the sinners account through faith alone, without works.Some people argue that natural evils are a mechanism of divine punishment for moral evils that humans have committed, and so the natural evil is justified. Gods condemnation of evil is subsequently believed to be executed and expressed in
16、his created world; a judgment that is unstoppable due to Gods all powerful will; a constant and eternal judgment that becomes announced and communicated to other people on Judgment Day. In this explanation, Gods condemnation of evil is declared to be a good judgment.4. Evaluating the Image of Eve from the feminist perspectiveFeminist movement was considered as one of the most influential cultural developments in western civilization. Interestingly, if we traced back to C
