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1、作业讲评：The founders of modern scienceThe men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek philosophers; the first existed, to
2、a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the instruments
3、 existing in his days, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres. 创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处：作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。其中第二种长处最早期的希腊哲学家先前曾有过
4、，第一种长处在古代晚期的天文家身上也有相当程度的表现。但是在古代人中间，也许除亚里士达克外，没有人同时具备这两种长处，而中世纪的时候，更无人具备任何一种。哥白尼像他的一些伟大的后继者，两者兼有。关于各天体在天球上的外观运动，用当时已有的仪器所能知道的一切他全都知道；他并且认识到，地球每日自转一周这种讲法和所有天体旋转这讲法比起来，是个较简便的假说。Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms(专有名词和专门术语译法) (part 2)2 Semantic Translation (意译)Proper nouns such as the name
5、s of organizations, institutions, newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, news agencies, books, films, some names of places implying certain meanings, and most of technical terms, should generally be translated semantically. Translators should first refer to encyclopedias, dictionaries, and special
6、ized handbooks such as 各国政府机构手册 、 联合国组织机构名称 、 世界报刊、电台、通讯社译名手册 、 英汉技术词典 、各科专门术语手册.Daily Telegraph (英、澳、新)每日电讯报Pentagon 五角大楼 (美国国防部所在地 )AP (Associated Press) 美联社(美国联合通讯社 )Whitehall 白厅(英国政府机关所在地)Fleet Street 舰队街( 英国伦敦的一条街，报馆集中的地方)sandwich course 工读交替制课程In translating names of organizations, institution
7、s, titles, etc, remember that different established versions may apply for different usage of the same term:President 总统；大学校长；会长；总裁；董事长；总经理；银行行长；等等Chairman(通常男性) 主席；董事长；总裁；会长；理事长；委员长；等等Secretary of State 大臣 (英国)；国务卿(美国)Governor (美)州长；(澳)州总督；( 印)邦长；( 泰)府尹Most technical terms should be translated sema
8、ntically, so that they can be readily understood by readers. Nothing gives the translator who is a stranger to a given subject more trouble than the translation of technical terms.cruise missile 巡航导弹 stereovision 立体视角picture phone 电视电话 micro film 缩微胶卷modem (= modulator-demodulator) 调制解调器 (调解器)balun
9、(= balanced-unbalanced transformer) 平衡不平衡变换器cermet (= ceramics + metal) 金属陶瓷avionics ( = aviation + electronics) 航空电子学voder (= voice operation demonstrator) 语音合成仪LLLTV (= low light level television) 微光电视 English is characterized by its openness of vocabulary. Words borrowed from other languages are
10、often translated semantically:cassette (法) 盒式磁带 raster (德) 光栅kamikaze (日)神风突击机 tungsten (瑞典)钨silo (西班牙) 导弹发射井robot (捷)机器人；(南非)自动交通信号机Many common words have new meanings in the vocabulary of science and technology:child (计算机)子进程；子节点host (计算机)主机，宿主机jewel box (case) (计算机) 光盘拿angel (无线电 )仙波，杂散反射back up
11、(计算机)备份；返回bug 窃听器；防盗报警器；故障A good command of the meanings implied in prefixes or suffixes and of the word-formation of technical terms is of great help to translators.3 Both Transliteration and Semantic translation (半音音意译)Some proper names, technical terms or other common nouns may be partly translit
12、erated and partly translated semantically:club 俱乐部 kilowatt 千瓦Cambridge 剑桥 neon sign 霓虹灯Brinell test 布氏试验 Babbit metal 巴氏合金Ohms law 欧姆定律 Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程式Some words may be transliterated with semantic translation added at the end or at the beginning (加字法) :jeep 吉普车 sardine 沙丁鱼utopia 乌托邦 inva
13、r 因钢beer 啤酒 flannel 法兰绒carbine 卡宾枪 bar 酒吧card 卡片 Dural 杜拉铝czar (tsar) 沙皇 logic 逻辑学hamburger 汉堡包 Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论Names from trade marks are often thus translated:Ford Escort (美)福特汽车公司护卫牌汽车Honda (日) 本田汽车公司Datsun (日 )达特桑汽车公司Toyota Corolla (日)丰田汽车公司花冠牌汽车4 Shape-related Symbol Translation with a Sem
14、antic Explanation Added at the End (形译兼意译)cross 十字架 zigzag wave 曲折波pyramid 金字塔 T-beam 丁字梁mattock 鹤嘴锄 I-steel 工字钢barrel 琵琶桶 Y-pipe Y(叉 )形管setsquare 三角板 S-link S 形连接vanishing cream 雪花膏 V-way V 形导轨herringbone gear 人字齿轮 C-washer C 形垫圈5 Semantic Translation with the Original Alphabet, Abbreviation, or Number at the Beginning or at the End (意译兼字母、缩略语、型号、牌号、标号、数字)ATM (automated teller machine) ATM 机(自动柜员机)IC (integrated circuit) IC 卡 (集成电路卡 ) X ray X 光 (照片)pH (法语 potentiel dhydrogene) pH 值(氢离子浓度指数 )AT cut (晶片的) AT 切割p-n junction (半导体中的) pn 结Vitamin-B12 维生素 B12B-52 (美) B52 轰炸机Boeing 737
