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1、15-A. How TV Violence Affects KidsFor more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that childrens exposure to violence on television has long-lasting, effects on their behavior. Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased s
2、ignificantly. And the number of violent acts on television in the past years has increased from about 19 to 27 per hour. Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow. The Position Statement on Media Violence in Childrens L
3、ives, recently adopted by the National Association for the Education of Young Children, points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behav
4、ior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed. For example, the rapid recoveries of people on TV from violent attacks give children an unrealistic picture of the injuries that have been suffered.Effects on PlayChildren naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised durin
5、g these programs. And with these toys, their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative. Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program, thus undermining both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play. The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on te
6、levision jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world. Some research even suggests that children apply the behaviors observed on TV programs to their real-life situations.Parents Can HelpIt is a good idea for parents to monitor th
7、e amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches. If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be a good idea to control his viewing. Controlling viewing is easier to do during the preschool years than during the school years, so you should initiate
8、a pattern of restricted television watching now.Help your child to interpret what she sees - to think of explanations for the events depicted and to imagine how the show is put together. Make simple critique of a show without implying that her fascination with the drama and the weapons makes her gui
9、lty by association.Ask the teachers of your childs preschool about their policy on war play and toy weapons. Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter. Look for other parents who share your
10、 views. Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched and the number of violent toys found in the home. Try to arrange play dates for the children as an alternative to TV viewing. Or look for videos of healthy, nonviolent programs for children, and encourage their use as an attract
11、ive alternative to violent television programs.【课文译文】电视暴力片对孩子的影响近 25 年多来，愈来愈多的证据表明，孩子接触电视中的暴力镜头，对他们的行为有着持久的影响。从 1982 年1986 年间，每周电视节目中暴力片所占的时间迅速增加。在过去的几年当中，暴力行为在电视上出现的时间已由每小时 19 次增加到 27 次。鉴于孩子们看电视的时间长，电视中的暴力行为已成为孩子们想要极力模仿的最具影响力的榜样之一。最近，国家青少年教育协会通过了关于传媒暴力在儿童生活中的作用的立场声明 。声明指出，学龄前儿童特别容易受传媒的影响，因为他们还不能够完全
12、把幻想和现实区分开来，而且，他们对行为的内在动机和道德冲突的微妙之处的理解能力仍然不高。例如，电视中受到暴力袭击的人能够迅速康复，让孩子们对所遭受的伤痛产生了与实际不相符的印象。对玩的影响孩子们自然常常想要得到在暴力节目中展示过并作了广告的那些玩具。使用这些玩具，使孩子们的游戏趋向于模仿而缺乏想像力。孩子们仅仅是模仿他们从电视里所观察到的行为，因而削弱了游戏所具有的富有想像力和表现力的功能。电视广告里大部分与暴力相关的玩具范围狭小，这会危及玩具在帮助儿童更好地理解自己的感情与解释周围的世界中的作用。有些研究甚至表明，孩子们把他们在电视中所看到的行为，搬到了现实生活当中。父母能够提供帮助让父母监
13、督他们学龄前的孩子所看电视节目的种类和时间，这个主意的确不错。假如你的孩子对战争游戏和武器着迷的话，那么控制他看电视就是个好办法。在学前控制孩子们看电视比在上学之后要容易一些。因此，你现在就应该着手制定一个限制看电视的模式。帮助你的孩子理解他所看到的东西。思考那些对所描述的事件的解说，并且设想一下电视剧是怎样组合在一起的。对节目作一些简单的评述，但不要有任何的暗示，使孩子们通过联想，为自己对戏剧情节和武器的着迷而感到愧疚。询问一下孩子们学前班的老师，听听他们对于战争游戏和武器玩具的观点。大多数学前班教师都不喜欢把那些为了赚钱而生产的玩具拿到教室里来。他们欢迎听到家长对此事所给予的关注。找找那些
14、和您持有同样观点的父母，协同努力来控制孩子观看暴力节目的数量，并且控制家中暴力玩具的数目。设法给孩子们安排做游戏的时间，来代替看电视。或给孩子们找一些健康的、非暴力的录像片，促使这些录像片取代电视中的暴力节目。16-A. Heart Disease: Treat or Prevent?One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thir
15、ty years. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease. Western healthcare systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in
16、 the past ten to fifteen years. In this time, modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques and procedures. Many operations that were considered impossible a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result has been a rapid increase in heart surgery.Although there is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery, critics of our health-care systems point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment
