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1、动词不定式一、定义：动词不定式的形式是to +动词原形,但 to 有时要省去。 不定式是一种非限定性动词。非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词，可分为不定式，动名词，分词。不定式在句中不能作谓语。它具有动词的性质，本身可以带宾语和状语。动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。 二、不定式的分类 (一) 带 to 的不定式结构直接跟带 to 的不定式结构的动词主要有 :want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like ,love, sto
2、p, go, come 等。动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加 not,即 not to do sth.(二) 不带 to 的不定式结构以下几种情况使用不带 to 的动词不定式 :1.下列词组后面的不定式不带 to：would rather .than（宁愿也不）, had better.（最好） ，cant help but.（不得不）, had rather.（宁愿） ， cannot but.（不得不，必然） ，may/might as well.（不妨） ，let alone（更不用说） 。e.g.Youd better return the books to the librar
3、y on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.2.在 let, make, see, feel, watch, hear 等感官或使役动词后,要跟不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 注意：在被动语态中则 to 不能省掉。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.3.在引导疑问句的 why not 之后。“Why not+不带 to 的不定式”是 Why dont
4、you do的省略,可以用来提出建议或劝告。Why not go with us? Why not take a holiday? 三、动词不定式的语法功能（一）作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： 1. 把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 2. 用 it 作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe 名词 to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb.+some time+t
5、o do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe 形容词 for sbto do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. 在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等。 Itbe 形容词 of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the
6、 man says.在句型中，常用 careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise 等 表示赞扬或批评的词。 It seems (appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. (二)作宾语以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语 Afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, care, choose, claim, condescend, consent, decid
7、e, demand, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, prove, refuse, resolve, seem, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, want, wish, pretende.g. The driver failed to see the other car in time.（三）作补语 1
8、) 动词+ 宾语+ 不定式(to do)这一类常用动词： advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, requi
9、re, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn 等。e.g. Father will not allow us to play on the street.2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。这一类常用动词：acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare, discover, fancy, feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see, show, suppo
10、se, take, understand 等。e.g. We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.（四）作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. （五）作
11、状语1）目的状语这一类常用词组：to only to (仅仅为了),in order to, so as to, so (such) as to (如此以便)e.g. He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。e.g. He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因e.g. Im glad to see you. （六）作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washin
12、gton. Do you have anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 必背：常见的带介词 to 的短语be used to 习惯be equal to 胜任be given to 沉溺于be opposed to 反对be related to 与有关devote onesel
13、f to 献身于get down to 着手做give rise to 引起 lead to 导致look forward to 盼望object to 反对pay attention to 注意put ones mind to 全神贯注于stick to 坚持Appendix 动词不定式的特征和种类动词不定式是由不定式符号 to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下 to 也可省略。A 不定式的一般式 to do不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。 （同时发生）To catch
14、the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。 （to catch the train 发生在 hurry to the station 之后）B不定式的进行式 to be doing不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。Im glad to be traveling with you. 我很高兴和你一起旅游。 C 不定式的完成式 to have done不
15、定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didnt feel very well. 我本来想昨晚完成工作的，但是我感觉身体不舒服。It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 对我来说，被邀请来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。D 不定式的完成进行式 to have been doing 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在
16、谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了 20 年。Im sorry to have been interrupting you. 很抱歉，我一直打扰你。比较：不定式的时态意义。He is said to be studying abroad. 据说他正在国外读书。 （不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行）He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他在国外学习过。 （不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束）E 不定式的被动形式 to be done to have been done当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和
