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1、1Challenges for Chinathe worlds largest antidumping targetBin JiangDoctoral Student in Business Administration,University of Texas at ArlingtonChina has become the worldsbiggest target for antidumping investigations. WTO statistics indicate that since the early 1990s Chinese export products have att
2、racted around 500 investigations that have resulted in more than 350 antidumping measures. What are the reasons behind the proliferation of these investigations against Chinese export products? And how can the Chinese government and export producers deal with such cases against the country in the fu
3、ture? When a product is exported at a price lower than that normally charged for it in its home market, it is often assumed that the exporter is “dumping” the product in the importing country. Antidumping (AD) is the legal framework countries use to place duties or import surcharges on products dete
4、rmined to have been dumped. The legal definitions are more precise, but basically the “Antidumping Agreement” of the World Trade Organization (WTO) allows governments to take action against dumping where there is a genuine (“material”) injury to the competing domestic industry. In order to take such
5、 action, the government must prove that dumping is taking place, calculate the extent of it (how much lower the export price is compared to the exporters home market price), and show that dumping is actually causing material injury.Why is China targeted?The reasons for the dramatic increase in antid
6、umping cases against Chinese export products are both complex and diverse. Here we present and discuss four of these reasons.Reason 1: Most Chinese export producers compete on cost because local economic conditions make labor- or resource-intensive Chinese products extremely competitive in internati
7、onal markets. The countrys labor rates are approximately one-twentieth of those typically found in developed countries and one-tenth of those found in developing economies like Mexico and Korea. Moreover, China has an abundance of natural resources such as minerals and raw materials. These indigenou
8、s advantages allow Chinese manufacturers to produce traditionally labor- or resource-intensive commodities more economically than their counterparts in other countries. However, such products tend to be relatively homogeneous, affording their manufacturers scant competitive advantage and creating mi
9、nimal entry barriers. If a particular product succeeds in an international market, other Chinese firms can decide relatively easily to enter that market by producing and exporting similar products. This, in turn, precipitates the sort of price cutting that is characteristic of intensely competitive
10、markets, with the result that Chinese exporters find themselves competing against each other in cannibalistic price wars. 2Local government policies also motivate these internecine price wars.Reason 2: China is still treated as a non-market economy (NME). For NME dumping cases, the benchmark of “nor
11、mal value” is calculated by using data from a surrogate country, but the WTOs Antidumping Agreement does not specify any criteria for determining which surrogate country is appropriate. Prior to the economic reform movement, Chinas centrally planned economic system dominated all industry sectors. Ov
12、er the last decade or so, this system has gradually shifted away from the socialist model toward a free market model. Today, the Chinese economy lies somewhere between the two and contains many “bubbles of capital-ism”defined by Neeley (1992) as sectors in a centrally planned economy in which reform
13、s have progressed to the point that all prices and costs faced by the producers in that sector are determined by the market.However, many importing countries automatically treat Chinese export products as NME cases. In order to receive the market-economy case treatment, it is incumbent on Chinese pr
14、oducers to prove that inputs are bought and sold, and that labor is compensated at prevailing market rates. If they do not or cannot provide sufficient evidence that their products are made in the market-economy mode, the importing country will apply the surrogate country method to calculate the dum
15、ping margin of the products.Reason 3: Many Chinese exporters do not have the capability or experience to defend themselves against AD charges, but relinquishing the right of self-defense against the charges simply encourages other countries to launch more AD investigations against China.Another fact
16、or behind the large number of AD measures that have been enacted against Chinese exports is Chinese firms unwillingness to respond to dumping accusations and their general lack of knowledge about how to do so. Most Chinese export producers are medium or smallsized enterprises that lack the information and capability to deal with international trade disputes.Reason 4: Chinese exports have been growing rapidly, with low-priced “Made in China” commodities significantly affecting l
