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1、Since the dawn of mankind, humans have generated waste. However, waste disposal was not a problem when we had a nomadic existence; we simply moved away and left our waste behind. Around 10,000 BC, humans started to abandon their nomadic existence and live in communities. With the advent of non-trans
2、ient communities came trash that was dropped on the ground or floor where peoplelived.由于人类的曙光，人类产生的废物。然而，废物处理是没有问题的，当我们有一个游牧的存在，我们只是移动了，只剩下我们浪费的背后。大约公元前 10000 年，人类开始，放弃游牧的生存和居住在社区。随着非瞬态社区来到垃圾桶地面或地板上滴加那里的人住了。Alternative waste disposal methods were not developed until waste began jeopardizing city def
3、enses. In 500 BC, Athens, Greece, established the first municipal waste dump in the western world by requiring scavengers to dispose of waste at least one mile from the citys walls so invaders could not easily scale the walls using the waste placed there. However, dumping waste within cities remaine
4、d the primary disposal option in Europe and the United States until the late 1800s when a connection was made between disease and filthy environmental conditions. 其他废物处置方法没有开始，直到浪费破坏城市防御。在公元前 500 年，雅典，希腊，建立了第一个在西方世界的市政废物垃圾场的拾荒者处理废物至少有 1 英里（1.6 公里）的城墙，使侵略者无法轻松扩展使用的废物放在那里的墙壁。但是，城市内倾倒废物的处置方案仍然是主要的，直到 1
5、9 世纪后期在欧洲和美国之间连接时，疾病和肮脏的环境条件。Toward the end of the 19th Century, many cities realized that throwing waste into the streets was causing health and political problems. In response, cities created garbage collection and disposal systems using horse-drawn carts to collect garbage and dispose of it in op
6、en dumps, incinerators, or at sea. Even in the 1920s, garbage, incinerator ash, and dirt were commonly used to reclaim wetlands near cities. 在 19 世纪即将结束，许多城市认识到，到街上扔废弃物造成的健康问题和政治问题。作为响应，城市创建垃圾收集和处理系统使用马拉大车到收集垃圾，处置露天堆放，焚烧炉，还是在海上。即使是在 20 世纪 20 年代，垃圾，灰渣和污垢通常用于回收城市湿地附近。In 1935, the precursor to the mode
7、rn landfill was started in California where waste was thrown into a hole in the ground that was periodically covered with dirt. The American Society of CivilEngineers in 1959 published the first guidelines for a sanitary landfill that suggested compacting waste and covering it with a layer of soil e
8、ach day to reduce odors and control rodents. 在 1935 年，前体开始在加利福尼亚州的现代垃圾填埋场的废弃物被扔进一个洞，定期布满污垢，理由是。美国土木工程协会工程于 1959 年出版了第一本指引的“卫生填埋” ，表明压实废物和覆盖了一层土，以减少气味和控制啮齿动物。The first federal legislation addressing solid waste management was the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (SWDA) that created a national office
9、of solid waste. By the mid-1970s, all states had some type of solid Waste management regulations. However, the contents of these regulations varied widely. During this time, many state laws banned the open burning of waste at dumps and began replacing them with sanitary landfills. 第一联邦立法，解决固体废物管理固体废
10、物处置法“（1965 年 SWDA） ，创造了一个国家办公室的固体废物。到了 20 世纪 70 年代中期，所有的国家都有某种类型的固体废物管理条例。然而，这些规定的内容差别很大。在这段时间内，许多国家的法律禁止在垃圾场的废物的露天焚烧和卫生填埋场开始取代他们。Although greater amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) have been recycled and composted in the last forty years, the majority of MSW generated in the United States is sa
11、fely disposed of in landfills. No longer the the garbage dumps of years past, todays modern MSW landfills are well-engineered facilities that are regulated under strict federal and state regulations to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Modern MSW landfills are operated, located,
12、 designed, monitored, closed, and cared for after closure to ensure environmental performance.更大量的城市固体废弃物（MSW）虽然已回收和堆肥在过去的四十年中，在美国大多数的城市生活垃圾产生安全处置在堆填区。不再是“垃圾场” ，过去的几年中，今天的现代垃圾填埋场的工程设施，受严格的联邦和州的法规，以确保人类健康和环境的保护。现代垃圾填埋场进行操作，位置，设计，监测，关闭，后关闭，以确保环境的性能和关心。modern MSW landfills collect and treat the leachat
13、e (the water that passes through the waste) and gas (from the decomposition of the waste). Recovered landfill gas can be converted into energy (electricity, steam, heat, vehicle fuel) to reduce Americas dependence on petroleum products.现代化的垃圾填埋场的渗滤液收集和处理，通过废物（水）和气体（分解废物） 。可以回收的垃圾填埋气体转化为能源（电，蒸汽，热，车用燃
14、料） ，以减少美国对石油产品的依赖。The waste industry continues to investigate innovative operations and designs that further protect human health and the environment. One promising innovation is the bioreactor landfill. A bioreactor landfill operation and design adds liquids and/or air to the waste, which accelerat
15、es the waste biodegradation process and waste stabilization.垃圾处理行业的继续调查，进一步保护人类健康和环境的创新业务和设计。一个有前途的创新是生物反应器填埋场。填埋场的操作和设计的生物反应器中添加液体和/或空气的浪费，从而加速废物的生物降解过程和废物稳定。As in the past, landfills will continue to play an important role in our nations MSW management system.We believe that the Environment Engine
16、ering continues to explore innovative designs and operations that will further protect human health and the environment. 在过去，垃圾填埋场将继续发挥重要的作用，在我们国家的都市固体废物管理系统。我们认为，环境工程，继续探索创新的设计和操作，这将进一步保护人类健康和环境。Based on research, the environmental benefits of a bioreactor landfill include:Shorter time periods (7-10 years) over which air and water emissions aregenerated compared to 30 or more years in a conventional landfill;Shorter post-closure care periods (10-15 years) c
