Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Principles of Economics Third Edition by N. Gregory Mankiw 经济学原理 （ 第三版） 1 INTRODUCTION 导言 Ten Principles of Economics 经济学十大原理 Chapter 1 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Economy. . . 经济 … . . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.” 经济 一词来源于希腊语，意思是“管理家庭的人” Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. A household and an economy face many decisions: 一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策： Who will work? 谁去工作？ What goods and how many of them should be produced? 应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？ Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. A household and an economy face many decisions: 一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策： What resources should be used in production? 应该用什么资源生产？ At what price should the goods be sold? 物品的销售价格应该是多少？ Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Society and Scarce Resources: 社会和稀缺资源： The management of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce. 因为资源是稀缺的，所以社会资源的管理就很重要。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Scarcity . . . 稀缺 … . . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. … 意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Economics 经济学 Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. 经济学 ——研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Economists study. . . 经济学家研究 … How people make decisions. 人们如何作出决策 How people interact with each other. 人们如何与他人相互交易 The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole. 影响整体经济的力量和趋势 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Ten Principles of Economics People face tradeoffs. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Rational people think at the margin. People respond to incentives. How People Make Decisions Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 经济学十大原理 人们面临权衡取舍 某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西 理性人考虑边际量 人们会对激励作出反应 人们如何作出决策 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Ten Principles of Economics Trade can make everyone better off. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes. How People Interact with each other Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 经济学十大原理 贸易可以使每个人状况更好。
市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 政府有时能改善市场经济效果 人们如何与他人相互交易 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Ten Principles of Economics The standard of living depends on a country’s production. Prices rise when the government prints too much money. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 经济学十大原理 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。
当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 1. People face tradeoffs. 人们面临权衡取舍 “ There is no such thing as a free lunch!” 天下没有免费的午餐 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 1. People face tradeoffs. To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 1.人们面临权衡取舍 为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。
大炮 vs.黄油 食物 vs. 衣服 休闲 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等 作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 1. People face tradeoffs. Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society. Efficiency v. Equity Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 1.人们面临权衡取舍 效率 —— 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性 平等 —— 社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性 。
效率与平等 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives. Whether to go to college or to work? Whether to study or go out on a date? Whether to go to class or sleep in? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. 2.某东西的成本就是为得到它 所放弃的东西 作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益 上大学还是去工作 ? 学习还是出去约会 ? 去上课还是睡觉 ? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ©。