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1、电子商务英语期末复习要点：1 第五页：注释1，2，3，4，5，62 第27页：注释1，2，3，4，5，6，9，10，11，123 第31页的练习44 第46页的注释2，3，5，8，11，145 第51页的练习46 第63页的注释3，5，10，12，16，197 第77页的注释1至128 第109页的注释2，4，6，9，109 第124页的注释6，710 第140页的注释1，2，15，1711 第161页的练习4上述英语电子商务术语应知道缩写词的英语全称书写和汉语翻译重要阅读课文：Unit 8 课文A及其124页的练习1，Unit 9课文A及其141页的练习1Passage 1Searching
2、 by keyword is the most common method of using a search engine, but the prob-lem with keywords are the relatively imprecise results and the return of a lot of irrelevant infor-mation. Keywords may have more than one meaning and search results may be found only by using a synonym of the keyword. The
3、method of browsing on the other hand takes too much to find the relevant information. I)irectories like Yahoo try to circumvent the problem, but the manual process of classifying material on the web takes up too much time, resulting in very few search results, as not everything on the web can be cla
4、ssified. Therefore new paradigms of searching are needed as well as new software that is able to categorize web sites automatically.The majority of search engines come from the United States and have specialized in English resources and information reflecting the American culture. People who do not
5、speak English or who are non-native speakers have therefore many disadvantages on the web.The centralized approach to information retrieval has extreme difficulty in coping with the multilingual and multi-cultural nature of the information society. The Internet has become a success throughout the wo
6、rld, but the American search engines operate with a US-centric com-pany structure and tend to concentrate upon the English language. Although many search en-gines have subsidiaries in many other countries, like Japan or Italy, the way the information is presented is the American way and may not refl
7、ect the logic of the people who are using it.National search engines in Russia or France, for example, have to deal with far smaller sets of information and specialize in the cultural and linguistic environments which they know best. Their disadvantage is that the queries are in Russian or French an
8、d the search results contain on-ly a small subset of possible results on the web, as they are restricted to the language. This strongly reduces the possibility of using the Web as a source for the world wide diffusion of in-formation.Larger search engines, such as Altavista are able to perform multi
9、lingual searches, which presents search results in multiple languages. This is good, if the searcher knows all the lan-guages, but if, for example, an Indian finds a Japanese web site on the search topic, this may not be helpful.Text documents that are in special formats (such as Postscript or Star
10、Office Documents) are unreachable for many search engines, as the textual information is embedded into the binary structure of the particular file format. The same applies to scanned documents, Java applets and video/audio clips. The content of these file formats is hidden from search engines today.
11、 Only if the description of the file format is known and included into the search engine is it possible to add the content for certain document types. This is relatively easy; just a matter of work. In foseek for example, is able to index the content of Word documents. More difficult is the inclu-si
12、on of content that is hidden in applications, as there is no way to tell where the information may be hidden.The research and development in information and data retrieval is aimed at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of retrieval. Individual and parallel development for database man-agemen
13、t systems has left this sector without a centralized vision and coordination between the different types of search engines. Search engines on the Internet are very specific and not able to cope with multiple database formats and file types. In order to make searches complete a search engine needs to
14、 search over text, documents, images, sounds and all other media formats. So the database integration will be the single most important objective for the future of intelligent search engines.In order to receive better search results, it is not only necessary to improve the search en-gine technology,
15、 but also the user interfaces, depending on the type of user (such as casual, re-searcher, users with special requirements). Neural networks will be used more commonly in the future to organize large, unstructured collections of information. Autonomy is a search engine that uses the model of the ada
16、ptive probabilistic concept to understand large documents. The system is able to learn from each piece of information it has discovered. By putting together a set of not so relevant resources, the set should get the large picture by reading through all the documents. Therefore it is necessary to rank information by importance.This allows zones in a portal to be created automatically or with a minimum of manual intervention, instead of manually creating the zones in a way Y
