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1、1. Language and Linguistics1. What are design features of language? (P 2-P 12)a. language is systematicb. language is symbolicc. language is arbitraryd. language is primarily vocale. language is human specificf. language is used for communication2. What are general functions of language? Please illu
2、strate your point with examples.(P 14-P 17)a. physiological functionb. phatic functionc. recording functiond. identifying functione. communicating functionf. pleasure functiong. reasoning function3. Distinctions between Langue and Parole (P 29)langue parolethe abstract systema collective body of kno
3、wledgea kind of common reference manualacquired by all members of a community of speakers.the particular actualities of individual utterancethe contingent executive side of thingsthe relatively superficial behavioral reflexes of knowledgethe use of language of utterances.4. Distinctions between sync
4、hronic and diachronic (P 30)a. The diachronic study refers to the description of the historical development of a language.b. The synchronic study refers to the description of a particular state of a language at a single point of time. It is necessary for the synchronic description to find out these
5、systematic rules as they operate in the language at a particular time.5. Distinctions between competence and performance (P 33)a. Competence refers to the know that native speakers have of their language as system of abstract formal relations.b. Performance refers to what we do when we speak or list
6、en, that is, the infinite varied individual acts of verbal behavior with their irregularities, inconsistences, and errors.2. Phonetics and Phonology1. What is phonetics and its three subdivisions? (P 43)a. Phonetics is the scientific study of speech and is concerned with defining and classifying spe
7、ech sounds.b. Articulatory phoneticsAcoustic phoneticsAuditory phonetics2. Distinctions among bilabial, dental, alveolar, labiodental, velar sounds. (P 47-P 49)a. Bilabial are articulations made with the upper and lower lips brought together. /p/,/b/,/m/.b. Dentals are produced by the front of the t
8、ongue touching the back of the upper front teeth. th/,/.c. Labiodentals are articulations produced with the lower lip approximating to the underside of the upper front teeth. /f/,/v/.d. Alveolars are sounds produced by the tip and/or blade of the tongue touching or nearly touching the gum ridge behi
9、nd the upper teeth. /t/,/d/,/n/,/s/,/z/,/l/.e. Velar sounds are produced with the back of the tongue dorsum raised up to the soft palate (or velum) at the back of the mouth. /k/,/g/,/w/.3. What is phonology? (P 56)Phonology is the study of the sound patterns in human language. (The term phonology is
10、 used in two ways, either as the study of the sound patterns in language or as the sound patterns of a language.)4. Distinctions between phonemes (P 56) and allophones (P 58).a. The segments of an underlying representation are called phonemes.Phoneme is the minimum phonetic unit that is not further
11、analyzable into smaller units.Phoneme is the abstract set of units as the basis of our speech.Phonemes are said to be the distinctive sounds.A phoneme may have its variants.b. There is only one phoneme between two words and it turns up in two variant forms in these two words. These phonetics variant
12、s of phoneme are called allophones.5. What are minimal pairs? (P 58)a. A pair of phonemes is also known as a minimal pair.b. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pairs.6. What ar
13、e components of a syllable? (P 66)Structurally, the syllable may be divided into three parts: the onset, the peak, the coda.3. Morphology and Lexicon1. What is morphology? (P 73)Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation.2. Distinctions between
14、word (P 74)/morpheme (P 81)/lexeme (P 91).a. Word is the smallest form that can occur by itself. (“a minimum free form”Bloomfield)A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.A word is symbolic, i.e. it stands for something else, such as objects, h
15、appenings, or ideas.Words are part of the large communication system we call language.Words help human beings interact culturally with one another.b. A morpheme is a smallest linguistic unit that carries grammatical and/or semantic meaning. That means it cannot be further divided into smaller gramma
16、tical units.A morpheme may undergo certain phonetic changes when combined with the base word.c. A lexeme is referred to the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.A lexeme is an abstract unit and may occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written texts.Collocation is an important feature in the combination of lexemes.3. What are open-class words? (P 79)We can add new words to these classes of nouns, ver
