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1、被动语态,1. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语(指人的宾语）。,一些特殊的被动语态,They didnt offer Ann the job.,Ann wasnt offered the job. 安未得到这份工作。,2. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。,They make her clean the floor
2、. ,She is made to clean the floor by them.,3. Itbe过去分词that从句 (=主语be过去分词to do sth),表示：据说/据报道/据悉/据信等。 例：,据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。,It is said that the boy has passed thenational exam. The boy is said to have passed thenational exam.,但：It _that there was a car over there. A. so happened B. so happens C. is
3、so happened D. was so happened 答案： A. happen 是不及物动词，无被动语态。,4. be supposed to (suppose: vt. 推想; 假设; 猜想) supposed:假定的; 推测的;意图的(1)据说（=be said to) 如： Lets go and see that film. Its supposed to be very good.,我们一起去看那电影好吗? 人们都说它不错。,(2) 计划、安排 如：,Id better hurry. Its nearly 8 oclock. Im supposed to be meetin
4、g Tom at 8:15.,我要快些了。现在差不多8点钟了。我8点一刻去接汤姆。,(3) be not supposed to 表示“不允许” 如：,You are not supposed to park here. 这儿不允许停车。,动词get代替be. （ get往往用在口语 中。）,酒馆里发生了打斗，幸好无人受伤。,There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was)hurt.,get + done 同 be+done 的区别：,get done 往往表示行为不是计划之中，而是意外发生的。如：,The dog
5、got run over by a car. 狗被汽车辗死了。,1. 某些感官动词加形容词及少数其他的动 词可以表示被动意义。 cook, smell, taste, wash, write, shut, prove, sell, read, write The dish tastes delicious. The theory proved right at last. The book is so interesting that it sells well.,不可以变成被动语态,The book is so interesting that it sells well. “sells”此
6、处为不及物动词“销售起来; 有销路”的意思；作及物动词为“卖; 出售”）This kind of cloth washes well. (耐洗),Need +V- ing 表示“主语承受动词 发出的动作”，表示被动意义。 我的车需要修理。 My car needs repairing (= to be repaired).,beg, equal, fail, hold, possess, fit，become, contain, cost, fit, have，lack, resemble(相似), suit等。,This new English-Chinese dictionarycost
7、me ten dollars.,3. 某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：,如：战争爆发了。可以说： The war broke out .但不能说：The war was broke out.,4. 通常只有及物动词（组）才有被动语态，不及物动词没有。,“be过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。被动语态与系表结构主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，试比较下面的句子：,被动结构与系表结构的区别,被动结构The enemy was soon surrounded by us.系表结构The house is su
8、rrounded by trees.被动结构 She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. 系表结构I was excited by the news that my husbandgot promoted.,不定式语法 不定式的时态和语态,不定式有时态和语态的变化，时态共四种，即一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式。语态分为主动语态和被动语态，如下表所示。,不定式被动式讲与练,to be done 表示动词不定式的动作在谓语动词之后或同时发生。To have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。,三、不定式的主动形式表示被动,1. 在
9、there be结构中。例如：There is a lot of homework to do(也可用to be done),There is no time to lose (to be lost).,2. 在“npron + be + adj + to do”结构中。常用的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap， fit， dangerous等。,例如：He is hard to convince.He is an impossibl
10、e person to work with,3. 在“tooto do; enoughto”结构中。如：The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)The house is big enough to live in.,4. 在“with+n+to do”结构中。例如：With nothing to do, he lay in bedWith so many exercises to do, I cant go to the cinema,5. 当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。 例如： I have a letter t
11、o type today Do you have anything to say?,(I是to type的逻辑主语),(you是to say的逻辑主语),6. 当不定式隐含在for sb to do结构中时。This is the best book to read (=for usyou to read)The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house,7. 一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式。 常见的这类动词有let(出租), rent， hire, blame等。 The house is to let
12、 I felt I was to blame.,NOTICE,动词不定式主动语态形式的使用要比被动语态形式的使用普遍，有时（尤其在口语中）虽然意思上是被动的，也往往用主动语态形式来表示。I have three motors to repair today.The task is difficult to finish on time.,1. Old Mike gave up smoking for a while, but soon _ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned In so
13、me parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served,练习,3. The new dictionaries are very useful. They _ well and _ already. A. sell, have been sold out B. sold, had sold out C. sell, sell out D. are sold, have been sold out4. The train _ arrive at 11:30, b
14、ut it was an hour late. A. was about to B. was likely to C. was supposed to D. was certain to,5. This dictionary mustnt _ from the library. A. take away B. taken away C. are taken away D. be taken away6. My shoes _ . I went out for a new pair. A. is worn out B. wore out C. were worn off D. were worn
15、 out,7. That kind of shirts _ cotton. A. is made from B. are made from C. is made of D. are made of8. Rice _ in South China. A. growing B. is grown C. are grown D. is grow,9. All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start. A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed,10. The teacher told his students that they _ to be useful men to the country. A. were all expected B. were all expecting C. all were expected D. all expected,
