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1、大学英语专题辅导,专题一：重点语法部分,第一章 虚拟语气,虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表示一种假设、意愿、建议、请求等不可能成为事实的情况。1虚拟语气用于非真实条件句 非真实条件句，往往表示一种不真实的假设。一般地，非真实条件句由连接词If引导，但也可以省略，还有其它一些形式的非真实条件句。,11谓语动词的各种形式在If引导的非真实条件句中，谓语动词具有以下特殊形式：,与现在 从 句 did,were, V-ed事实相反 主 句 would(should,could,might)+v.与过去 从 句 had+V-ed/been 事实相反 主 句 would(should,could, m
2、ight) + have+v-ed对未来的 从 句 were to/should+ v 虚拟推测 主 句 would(should,could,might)+v.,1.1.1.和现在事实相反的非真实条件句,这类非真实条件句表示和现在事实相反的情况。比如： -I would/should certainly go if I had the time. 如果我有时间，我一定会去的。-If I were your father, I would criticize you more severely. 如果我是你父亲，我会更严厉地批评你。,-How nice it would be if you c
3、ould stay a bit longer！ 如果你能久留些日子，那多好啊！ -If I knew his address ,I would be able to write to him . 如果我知道他的地址，我就能给他写信了。-If he were here ,he might be able to help. 如果他在这里，他或许会帮忙的。,1.1.2.和过去事实相反的非真实条件句 这类非真实条件句表示过去未发生的事情，和过去事实相反。比如：,-If I had left a little earlier ,I would have caught the train. 如果我早一点离
4、开的话，我就会赶上火车了。-The mans life might have been saved if he had been sent to a better hospital.如果把那个人送到一家更好的医院的话，他也许回被救活的,-I could have done better if I had been more careful. 我要是更细心一些的话，会做得更好的。 You wouldnt have caught cold if you had put on more clothes. 你如果多穿些衣服，就不会着凉了。,1.1.3.对未来事情的虚拟推测 这类非真实条件句表示对未来事
5、情的虚拟推测。-If I were to/should do it ,I would do it in a different way.,这类非真实条件句表示对未来事情的虚拟推测。-If I were to/should do it ,I would do it in a different way. 如果我去做这事的话，我会用不同方式去做的。-If this were to happen again , we wouldnt let you off so easily. 如果这样的事情再次发生，我们不会如此轻易的放过你的。-If they should dare to invade our
6、country , we would wipe them out completely. 如果他们胆敢侵略我们国家，我们会将他们全部消灭掉。,1.1.4.省略If的非真实条件句 虚拟条件句中的连接词if省略时，要把were, had, should移到从句的主语之前。比如:,-Were I rich (=if I were rich), I would give you some money.如果我富有的话，我会给你一些钱的。,-Had I had more time (=If I had had more time), I would have finished my homework. 如
7、果我有更多些时间，我一定已经完成家庭作业了。-Should he come early (=If he should come early), tell him to wait for his wife. 如果他来得早，告诉他等候他的妻子。,1.1.5.错综时间非真实条件句 主句表示的动作和从句表示的动作所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间进行调整 ，如果从句表示过去，而主句表示现在，或者从句表示现在，而主句表示过去，可以使用混合虚拟形式.,-If she had taken the doctors advice, she wouldnt be in hospital now. 如
8、果她听从医生建议的话，现在也就 不会住院了。,如果汤姆通过了大学考试，他现在就在这所大学里学习了。-If she wasnt so busy now, she might have joined us in the work. 如果她现在不那么忙，她或许会参加我们的工作。,-Tom would be studying at the university now if he had passed the entrance examination.,1.1.6.含蓄条件句英语中有些句子从形式上看不包含条件从句，但在意义上却是非真实条件句，这类句子称为含蓄条件句，这样的句子可分为三类,1.省略整个条
9、件句 -Such mistakes could have been avoided. (省略了if we had been more careful). 这样的错误本来是能够避免的。 -I should have caught the train. (省略了if I had left a little earlier) 我本应该赶上火车的。,2.用介词或介词短语表示的非真实条件句-But for air and water, no living thing could exist. 没有氧气和水，任何生物都不能生存。-Without steel, there would be hardly a
10、ny industry to talk about. 没有钢，几乎任何工业都无从谈起。-I would have done the same in that position. 我要是处于那个位置，也会那样做的.,3.通过上下文来表示非真实条件句-I was ill that day, otherwise I would have come to see you. 那天我生病了，否则我就来看你了。-You cannot do that. It would ruin your life. 你不能那样做，那会毁了你的一生。-Tom just gives up everything for her.
11、 Herry wouldnt be that silly. 汤姆为她放弃一切，亨利才不会那么傻呢。,1.2.虚拟语气用于宾语从句 1.2.1.句型“wish that” 在wish后的that宾语从句中：1.如果表示对现在的愿望，从句谓语要使用过去时: （1）从句谓语动词如果是be，则用were形式。 （2）从句谓语动词如果是行为动词，则用过去时形式。-I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是只鸟儿。-I wish you didnt talk like that. 但愿你没有那样说。,2.如果表示对将来的愿望，从句谓语动词用 “would (could, might )+动词原形
12、” 的形式。-I wish you would do the favor for me. 但愿你会帮我这个忙。 -I wish I could speak several languages. 但愿我会说好几种语言。,3.如果表示对过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去完成时形式“had+done/been ”形式。-I wish you hadnt made so many spelling mistakes in the last exam. 但愿上次考试你没出那么多拼写错误。-I wish that I had listened to your advice. 多希望我那时听
13、了你的话。,1.2.2. 句型“主语+引起虚拟的动词+含虚拟语气的宾语从句”,1.英语中有很多表示愿望、请求、命令、建议等意义的动词，当它们作为谓语引导宾语从句时,从句谓语必须用“(should)+动词原形”的形式.常用的这类动词有：,demand,insist,suggest,command, request,order,propose,desire,require, urge,maintain,deserve,recommend, intend,move,ask,prefer,advise,decide等等。-The teacher insisted that all the studen
14、ts (should) be on time. 老师要求学生们准时到校。-He suggested that the regulations (should) be revised. 他建议修改规则。,The lawyer asked that the case (should ) be postponed for one month. 律师要求案子往后推迟一个月。但是，请注意： 1. 在书面语中，should 常常可以省略，在TOEFL考试中，should必须省略。,2.在动词expect, believe, think, suspect等的否定形式或疑问形式后，其宾语从句的谓语可用虚拟语气
15、，其形式为“should +动词原形或完成时用来表示惊讶、困惑、怀疑、不满等情绪。比如： -I never expected that the problem should be so complicated. 我从未想到问题会如此复杂。-They just couldnt believe that the new stadium should be so big. 他们简直不能相信新的体育馆会如此大。-I dont think he should have done the favor for you. 我觉得他是不会帮你忙的。,1.3.虚拟语气用于主语从句 1.3.1. 句 型 1.表达虚拟语气的主语从句的一般形式为： It is/was +引起虚拟语气的形容词或过去分词+含虚拟语气的主语从句2.这类主语从句常常用于表示要求、建议、命令、请求、提议等，其谓语形式往往为“（should）+动词原形”的形式。在美国，常省略should，而在英国，则往往不省略should。,
