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1、A New English Grammar,Vice ProfessorGan Daixia2010,Introduction,Purpose,Strategies in Learning English Grammar1. learning through comprehension2. learning through induction 3. learning from errors 4. learning through communication,高等学校英语专业 英语教学大纲语法要求：能识别词类； 区分名词的可数性和不可数性、可数名词的单、复数形式；,基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、
2、基数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最高级构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；了解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构成法。,二级要求：掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。,四级要求：熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句、倒装句和各种条件句； 初步掌握句子间段落间的衔接手段。,六级要求：较好地掌握句子间和段落间的衔接手段，如照应、省略、替代等； 八级要求：熟练地使用各种衔接手段连贯地表达思想。,名 词分类 性(1)大多数英
3、语名词没有性的区别，只有一个共同的形式 (2)有些名词具有性别的不同形式 阳 性 阴 性 阳 性 阴 性 man woman uncle aunt son daughter husband wife,(3)有些名词是在词尾加-ess等构成阴性 阳 性 阴 性 actor actress manager manageress conductor conductress Count (伯爵) Countess,(4)有些名词在词尾加-ette构成阴性 usher (领座员) usherette (5)惯用于男性的名词和惯用于女性的名词 惯用于男性的词：general, lawyer, fellow
4、, lover, soldier, sailor 惯用于女性的词：nurse, typist, dressmaker, housekeeper,拟人化的阳性词 ( 伟大， 强大， 恐怖 ): Time, Mountain, Wind, War, the Ocean, Storm, Thunder, Sleep, Winter, Summer, Autumn, Despair, Fear, Anger, Death, The Sun, Revenge, Murder, Hurricane - 代词用he.,拟人化的阴性词( 柔和，美丽 ): Moon, Spring, Night, Nature
5、, peace, Hope, Virtue, Truth , The Earth, Liberty, Justice, Fame, Victory, Faith, Humility, Pride, Mercy, Art, Science, Soul. 代词用She.,阳光普照在辽阔的草原上。 让正义永驻人间。 月光撒满了古战场。 大自然酬报爱她的人。,The sun shed his powerful rays upon the plains. Let justice forever hold her sway over the Earth. The Moon is shedding her
6、rays upon the ancient battlefield. Nature rewards those who love her.,船、火车等通常看作阴性。 “马丽皇后号”当时在做处女航。国家、都市通常看作阴性。中国以其丰富的自然资源而自豪。,(6) 名词前加he, she, girl, lady, male, female, woman, boy, man等可以表示性别, 有些词则在后面加man, woman 等区分性别。 student boy student, girl studentwolf he-wolf, she-wolfdoctor man doctor, woman d
7、octorfriend boy / man friend, girl / woman friend,(7) 某些名词有外来阴性后缀 阳性 阴性 hero heroine Joseph Josephine (8) man 可以包括 woman，统指一切人，代词通常用 he，有时用she.,人人皆有弱点。 人创造自己。 人皆有一死。 世界在变，人也必须变。 凡是要量力而行。 从其交友知其为人。,Every man has his weak points. Man creates himself. Man is mortal. Man must change in the changing worl
8、d. A man can do no more than he can. A man is known by the company he keeps.,数 不规则名词复数形式deer类：（单复数形式相同）：sheep means aircraft works（工厂） crossroads head horsepower series species（种类） lazybones Chinese Japanese Swiss Vietnamese,比较下列名词的单复数： a busy crossroads 一个繁忙的十字路口 several busy crossroads 几个繁忙的十字路口 o
9、ne gallows three gallows 三副绞架 a kennels some kennels 一些狗舍 by this means by these means 用这些方法 He is a lazybones. They are lazybones. 他们都是懒汉。,只有单数形式的名词有生命集体名词多用作复数，也可以用作单数。 class crew couple committee enemy audience association family jury majority government staff opposition (反对党) party school popula
10、tion humanity (the) press,要被大于 “1”或十、百、千、万等数词修饰的名词有：infantry（步兵） clergy(牧师) cattle cavalry（骑兵） police scum（痞子） personnel （人员），如： 500 cattle five clergy one thousand infantry a few cavalry these two scum ten teaching personnel,one police two police two policemen two cattle ten cattle two thousand cat
11、tle,many fruits / much fruit Weve got many fruits from Hainan Island. She does not eat much fruit. They feed on fruit. There is a fruit as big as an apple.,还可以用作比喻，表示“成果、果实、报酬”等，单复数均可以。例如： 他的学识是长期研究的结果。 你的勤勉不久就会得到酬报。 他们享受着胜利的成果。 他必须吞下战争的苦果。,His knowledge is the fruit of long study. Your hard work wi
12、ll bear fruit soon. They are enjoying the fruits of their victory. He has to swallow the bitter fruits of war.,Fish / fishes He caught three fish. He caught three fishes.,Fish还用于许多谚语中： 好鱼在水底。/好东西不易轻易得到 切勿班门弄斧。 海里的鱼多着呢。/失去一次机会不 要紧 臭鱼先臭头。 /上梁不正下梁歪 鱼鲜不过三餐，客好不留三天。 舍不得小鱼，抓不到大鱼。 要抓大鱼，就下大海。,The best fish s
13、wim near the bottom. Never offer to teach fish to swim. There is as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it. Fish begins to stink at the head. Fish and guests smell at three days old. Venture a small fish to catch a great one. Great fish are caught in great waters.,英语中“副”职的表示法：vice +名词 （着重职与权）vi
14、ce-president vice-chairman vice-minister vice-governor vice-premierdeputy +名词 （着重职与权）deputy chairman deputy mayor deputy commissioner (副专员) deputy editor-in-chief (副主编),associate + 名词 （着重技术等级）associate professor associate research fellow(副研究院)associate copy editor (副编审) associate physician (副主任医师)assistant + 名词 （着重技术等级）assistant professor assistant engineer assistant research fellow(助理),
