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1、,虚拟语气要点及练习,英语中有三种语式：陈述语式、祈使语式和虚拟语式。,A.陈述语式表示谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态当做事实表达出来。例如：Flowers blossom in spring.The moon is peeping through the windows at the sleepless girl.,B.祈使语式表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等。例如：Do drop in to see us.Keep off the grass.,C.虚拟语式虚拟语式把动作当做一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当做客观现实中的真实事
2、件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。例如：Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold.,虚拟语式在条件句中的运用英语中的条件句一般有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句，虚拟语式用在非真实条件句中。非真实条件句包括A.虚拟条件句B.推测条件句C.错综时间条件句等,A. 虚拟条件句虚拟条件句可分为三类： a. 叙述与现在事实相反的情况 b. 叙述与过去事实相反的情况 c. 叙述与将来事实相反的情况 一般构成为: 条件从句+结果主句 (结果主 句中的would可换用should, could或 might),A
3、.与现在事实相反:条件从句-If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) +动词过去式(be动词的过去式一律用were)结果主句- I (we, you, he, she, it, they)+would+动词原形,B.与过去事实相反:条件从句- If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) +had+过去分词结果主句- I (we, you, he, she, it, they) + would +have+过去分词,C.与将来事实相反:条件从句- A式：一般过去式 B式：were不定式 C式：should+动词原形 结果主句-would (sho
4、uld) + 动词原形,EXAMPLES：He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors. 与?相反与现在事实相反I am sorry I am very busy just now. If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you. 与?相反与现在事实相反The conference wouldnt have been so successful if we hadnt made adequate preparation. 与?相反与过去事实相反The flood might have
5、 caused great damage to the people if we hadnt built so many reservoirs.与?相反与过去事实相反,B. 推测条件句对未来的事进行推测，在讲话人心目中，虽不认为推测条件的实现违背事实或绝对不可能，但却认为可能性是极小的。这种怀疑和推测要用虚拟语式表示:If I were to see him, I would speak to him about it.,推测条件句的构成形式：条件从句1. If I (we, you, he, she, it, they)+动词过去式(be的过去式一律用were)2. If I (we, yo
6、u, he, she, it, they) + should + 动词原形3. If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) + were + to +动词原形结果主句I (we, you, he, she, it, they) + would+动词原形,C. 错综时间条件句在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语式形式。,EXAMPLES：Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not
7、 be wet now.If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now.If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.If the ship had left at noon, it would be passing through the canal now.,无“条件”的虚拟语式句子这里的所谓无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if或I wish等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条
8、件可以用介词、形容词、动词、分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来。表示无“条件”的词有with, without, but for, or, but, otherwise, even, in case of, what if等。这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。,EXAMPLES:But for your help we couldnt have succeeded.They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.Under such circumstances I would proba
9、bly have done the same.She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.,With better equipment, we could have done it better.（介词短语）She said she would have come to the party, only she had an urgent matter to attend to.（副词句子）To talk with him, you would know he is a fra
10、nk man.（不定式短语）To have studied harder, you would have passed the exam. (= If you had .，不定式完成式)The same thing, happening in war time, would amount to disaster.（分词短语）In doing so, he might forgive you. （介词动名词）A man who stopped working would amount to nothing.（定语从句）,动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语式与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去
11、式；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词或would /could+have +过去分词；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would / should (could, might)动词原形。,EXAMPLES (1):I wish she were here.I wish she had taken my advice.I wish you would go with us tomorrow.,EXAMPLES (2): A: “ You have made some mistakes.”B: “ I wish I didnt make mistakes every day.”A: “W
12、hat would you wish to do if you were a college student again?”B: “ Thats very hard to say, but I wish I had studied psychology.”,if only 和would that 后用虚拟语式if only 和would that 后用虚拟语式，谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是就好了”。例如：If only she had known where to find you.If only I could speak se
13、veral foreign languages!Would that I were young again.,would that 实际上是I / We would的简化I would相当于I wish:I would (Would that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.We would (Would that) that we had seen through him earlier.,在suggest, order, demand等动词后要用虚拟语式在propose, command, request, desire, in
14、sist, require, decide, promise, arrange, ask, move, consent, determine, recommend, advise, intend, beg, resolve, argue, maintain, deserve, prefer, decree, vote, urge, instruct, advocate, persuade, dictate, legislate, sentence, object, expect, direct, appoint, provide, specify, persist, permit 这些意念动词
15、、祈使动词或态度动词后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语式，这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。,EXAMPLES：They intended that the news (should) be suppressed.I prefer that you not eat the meat.She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance.The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.They requested that the (
16、should) sing a song.He advised that the doctor (should) be sent for.The committee decided that no one should be admitted without a ticket.Sometimes she would suggest that I should be saving some of the money.The examination instructions ask that the students (should) not use a red pen.It was arranged that she leave the next week.,
