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1、1. 句子残缺i.缺动词：2. 固定搭配 fail to do sth the method is to do sth In contrast with/to Help: help sb (to) do sth, Help( to) do, be helpful in (要注意) estimate 用法 estimate (that) （不需加原V） estimate + N + to be N(adj) (prep 2-51) estimate + N + at + 价格等数量词 （估价） （除此概念以外优先用 estimated to be表达）如：40 to 44 million yea
2、rs是时间概念，要用estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old. contrary to：一般接抽象名词(ideas, opinions, or actions)，在句首的时候不需要逻辑主语 the sameasGalileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly
3、through the water as to a person standing on land. seem 的用法： seem to do sthIt seems that+从句It seems as if+从句 debilitation 和 debilitating 区别：debilitation 虚弱，乏力，debilitating 使虚弱的 advocate 及物动词 argue for the rivals x and y /the rivalry between X and Y be expended on/in sth enshrine 通常用被动，enshrine in 或者
4、 be enshrined in 被动语态 as well as 有主次之分，A 是主，B 是次 require 的用法： required some time/sbto do sth, Require sb. doing错误 be required to do sth, require that sb(should) do sth require of sb that.(should) do.需要某人做某事 require doing（require 主动表被动含义） A require making known to B. rather/instead 单独用时为副词，所以加句子，不能加不
5、定式 recommend的用法：1.推荐，推举，举荐；a)recommend sb. sth.=recommend sth. to sb. 给某人推荐b)recommend sb. for the job/post/position 给某人推荐岗位（工作）c)recommend sb. as +职务 推荐某人做什么2.建议，劝告，忠告；【同advise用法一样】 recommend sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事recommend doing sth.建议做某事recommend .that +主语+shoud(在GMAT 中必须省略)+ 动词原形+其他【虚拟语气】ps:区别adv
6、ise与 suggest的用法没有 suggest sb. to do sth. 其余的一样。 to do sth. takes sb some time; it takes sb some time to do sth ; 当sth.作主语时注意 sth takes sb some time to do 后面不加宾语 restriction on 而不是 for aggravating 使恼怒和 aggravate 加重 such A as B 结构=A such as B谓语单复数情况和 A 一致，因为 B 只是举例的内容 act like 和 act as 区别：act like 用于修
7、饰人，behave in a similar manner, act as=fonction as announce sth to do sthannounce something to somebody 或者 announce to somebody something (相当于宾语后置)announce a decision/intention/plan (在这个时候如果plan等后面接to do不会产生to do做状语修饰announce的歧义)*:The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs.announce
8、(that) 如果宾语从句引导词that不补出，依然能使正常读者清晰断句，且announce后面常常不补出。announce somebody/yourself 通报.的到达;通知.已准备好（注意这个短语有专门意思）错误用法：announce to do/be sth. evidence后面要跟同位语从句来说明 evidence 的具体内容，而 evidence for 后面是要跟某个 theory 或idea 来表达 evidence 支持该 theory 或 idea 的。如evidence FOR evolution是指支持进化论的证据 as a means of 是作为什么的一种方法，
9、 as a means to 去实现什么的一种方法 Appear 用法： appear as=show up as Ex: Imperfections appear as tiny cracks. appear=seem，appear+adj Ex: He appears confused Appear to be done Ex: The dinosaur appears to have been relatively smart. It appears that Ex: It appears that the dinosaurs were smart. allow 用法： The holi
10、day ALLOWS Maria TO WATCH the movie.（=permits ）Maria WAS ALLOWED TO WATCH the moive.The demolition of the old building ALLOWS FOR new construction（=permits the existence of）X： The holiday ALLOWED FOR Maria TO WATCH the movie.The holiday ALLOWED Maria the THE WATCHING OF the movie.The holiday ALLOWS
11、THAT homework BE done.Homework is ALLOWED FOR DOING BY Maria The ALLOWING OF shopping TO DO Attribute x(an effect) to y（a cause），被动则是：x(the effect) is attributed to y(a cause) Expect: 后面是将来的时态I. expect to do sth/be expected to fallwe expect the price to fall. The price is expected to fallII. expect
12、thatwe expect that the price will fall.III. It is expected thatIt is expected that the price will fallIIIIthere is an expectation thatThere is an expectation that the price will fall. difference from& difference/distinction between A and B lie/ lay做动词时用法说明lie为不及物动词；lay 为及物动词。lie : 1.lie - lied - lie
13、d 撒谎2.lie - lay - lain 躺着；平放 ，展现lay : lay - laid - laid 产卵，下蛋；放，搁 conceive的固定搭配(cannot) conceive of (doing) something conceive that （不用虚拟语气）conceive of something/somebody as something conceive what/why/how etcconceive sth. (such as idea) Take turns to do/doing 还是 to do 与 doing 的区别to do 指开始着手进行尚未开始的事
14、情doing 指正在做已经开始的事情两个短语分别是“依次去做”“依次在做” claim: claim to be able to, claim that persuade 用法（persuade 不能用 persuade that 一个人不能说服一件事情）sb. to do sthsb. into doing sthsb. of sthsb that prohibit: prohibit sth/ prohibit from doing /prohibit sb from doing sth（ prohibit that, prohibit sth to be done 错误） disclos
15、edisclosure payment比paying好，development比developing 好。对于没有专门名词形式的动词，再应该用动名词。 indicate： indicate(to sb.)something/that显示展现 Presume:presume thatI presume well be there by six oclock.presume somebody/something to be somebody/something (被动即 sth. presumed to be) From the way he talked, I presumed him to b
16、e your boss.be presumed to do somethingThe temple is presumed to date from the first century BC. the firstto do something：“数词+不定式” each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾, each +介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式 reach for sth.：伸手抓某物；reach of sb.：在某人能触及到的范围内 make sth. adj结构中如果sth.过长，可以宾语导致：make adj. sth. charge a price for sth be born into/to/of sth. (=be born i
