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1、Hybrid electric vehicleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe Toyota Prius is the worlds best selling hybrid car, with cumulative global sales of over 3 million units through June 2013.1A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventionalin
2、ternal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There are a variety of HEV types, and the degree to which they function as
3、 EVs varies as well. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist.Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative braking, which converts the vehicles kinetic energy into electric en
4、ergy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator (this combination is known as a motor-generator), to either recharge their batteries or
5、 to directly power the electric drive motors. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less emissions from its ICE than a comparably sized gasoline car, since an HEVs gasoline engi
6、ne is usually smaller than a comparably sized pure gasoline-burning vehicle (natural gas and propane fuels produce lower emissions) and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.In 1901 Ferdinand Porsche developed the Lohner-Por
7、sche Mixte Hybrid, the first gasoline-electric hybrid automobile in the world.2 The hybrid-electric vehicle did not become widely available until the release of the Toyota Prius in Japan in 1997, followed by the Honda Insight in 1999.3 While initially perceived as unnecessary due to the low cost of
8、gasoline, worldwide increases in the price of petroleum caused many automakers to release hybrids in the late 2000s; they are now perceived as a core segment of the automotive market of the future.45Over 7.5 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide through December 2013, led by Toyo
9、ta Motor Company (TMC) with more than 6 million Lexusand Toyota hybrids sold as of 31 December 2013,6 followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1.2 million hybrids,78and Ford Motor Corporation with over 292 thousand hybrids sold in the United States through December
10、 2013.91011 Worldwide sales of hybrid vehicles produced by TMC reached 1 million units in May 2007; 2 million in August 2009; and passed the 5 million mark in March 2013.121314 As of December 2013, worldwide hybrid sales are led by the Toyota Prius liftback, with cumulative sales of 3.17 million uni
11、ts, and available in almost 80 countries and regions.1 The Prius nameplate has sold 4.2 million hybrids and plug-in hybrids up to December 2013.6 The United States is the worlds largest hybrid market with over 3 million hybrid automobiles and SUVs sold through October 2013,15 followed by Japan with
12、more than 2.6 million hybrids sold through September 2013.1617181920 The Prius is the top selling hybrid car in the U.S. market, passing the 1 million milestone in April 2011.21 Cumulative sales of the Prius in Japan reached the 1 million mark in August 2011.22Contentshide 1 Classificationo 1.1 Type
13、s of powertraino 1.2 Types by degree of hybridizationo 1.3 Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) 2 Historyo 2.1 Early dayso 2.2 Predecessors of current technologyo 2.3 Modern hybridso 2.4 Latest developments 3 Sales and rankingso 3.1 U.S. marketo 3.2 Japanese marketo 3.3 European market 4 Technologyo 4.1 Engines
14、and fuel sources 4.1.1 Fossil fuels 4.1.2 Biofuelso 4.2 Electric machineso 4.3 Design considerationso 4.4 Conversion kits 5 Environmental impacto 5.1 Fuel consumptiono 5.2 Noiseo 5.3 Pollution 6 Vehicle typeso 6.1 Motorcycleso 6.2 Automobiles and light truckso 6.3 High performance carso 6.4 Taxiso 6
15、.5 Buseso 6.6 Truckso 6.7 Military vehicleso 6.8 Locomotiveso 6.9 Marine and other aquatico 6.10 Aircraft 7 Hybrid premium and showroom cost parity 8 Raw materials shortage 9 Legislation and incentiveso 9.1 Canadao 9.2 Israelo 9.3 Japano 9.4 Jordano 9.5 Netherlandso 9.6 New Zealando 9.7 Republic of
16、Irelando 9.8 Swedeno 9.9 United Kingdomo 9.10 United States 9.10.1 Federal 9.10.2 States and local 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External linksClassificationeditTypes of powertraineditMain article: Hybrid vehicle drivetrainThe Toyota Highlander Hybrid has a series-parallel drivetrain.The Saturn Vue Green Line is amild hybrid.The 2005-06 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid is a mild hybrid using the electric
