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1、第二节 英汉语言的差异(再续),（四）汉语修辞有时色彩浓重一些，“大词”的使用频率偏高。英语一般不这样。汉译英时要特别留心，可做降调处理（to be tuned down）。7.白雪纷飞,冬意正浓,在中国最大的传统节日春节来临之际,由浦江大学文学院与杰华商务中心联合创办的中外文化进修(研习)中心为您推出假日好去处集学习考察娱乐为一体 “中国民俗文化讲习考察班”。To coincide the Spring Festivalthe Chinese equivalent of Christmas, the study center of Chinese and Foreign Cultures i
2、nitiated by College of Humanities, Pujiang University and Jiehua Business center, is going to organize “Chinese Folklore Study Program” mainly for foreigners to enjoy during the Chinese traditional holidays. The program will include a training course and a joyful tour of finding facts of Chinese sty
3、les of life.,1,8.进一步简化手续,及时地积极地从国外引进我们急需的先进技术,并且认真组织科学技术人员和广大职工做好消化和推广工作.We should simplify procedures in importing advanced techniques we urgently need, and invite scientists, technical personnel and others involved to get a good grasp of the techniques and then make them extended.(分析：“进一步，及时地积极地，认
4、真，广大，做好”这些词都没译出，但从效果看反而比译出更好，有时修饰过头会适得其反，某些修饰语使用不当很有可能变成被修饰者的敌人。汉语中的不少修饰只是出于音韵或对仗需要，如“真抓实干，彻底弄清，深入调查研究”，等，这些修饰语的语义极弱，有些则是多余的，所以译成英语时可以不译或作降调处理。),2,(五)英语句子重“形合”，往往用词形变化，连接词、介词、定语从句和独立主格表示成分之间各种语法关系，句子外形很严谨；汉语句子以“意合”为特点，它由于没有词形变化定语从句和独立主格，连接词和介词也比英语少得多，所以往往用隐性连贯方法来表示各种语法关系，句子外形比较松散、自由，注重以神摄形。主要对策是：英译汉
5、时，许多词可以用汉语的动词来翻译，连接词有时可以不译，汉语习惯是少用连接词；介词短语、定语从句和独立主格等在大多数情况下都被译为短语或分句。汉译英时，一是把汉语句子内含的语法关系（因果、连接、转折等）用英语的连接词表达出来；二是善于把汉语的分句（特别是流水句）归化为英语的名词，分词短语，定语从句和独立主格等；三是把汉语的众多动词分主次编排成英语的习惯表达，特别注意把一些汉语动词变为英语的名词、介词等。,3,1. He is the last person for such a job.他最不适宜担任这项工作.2. This was an intelligently organized and
6、fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。3. My sister is expecting me, so I must be off now.我妹妹在等我，我得走了。4. As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.(由于)天气很好，我们决定去爬山。5. Come and see me tomorrow.明天来看我。,4,6.This film sh
7、owed how they put aside a thousand acres out west where the buffaloes roam and nobody can shoot a single one of them. If they do, they get in jail. It also showed some big National Park with government airplanes dropping food down to the deer when they got snowed and had nothing to eat.电影演的是他们怎么在西边那
8、儿把一千亩土地划出来，让水牛自由行动，谁也不准开枪打死一只。打死了就得坐牢。还有一段演的是某个大国立公园，大雪封山，鹿没吃的，政府就派飞机往下扔食物。7. The 180-page document, with more than 300 articles and eight annexes, definitively covers every conceivable issue dealing with the seas, from the definition of what constitutes an island to the jurisdiction over fish that
9、live in fresh water but spawn in the ocean.这份长达180页的文件，有300多条，并附有8个附件。它涉及能够想到的每一个与海洋有关的问题，从岛屿的定义，到对在淡水生长而在海洋产卵的鱼类的管辖权，都做了明确的规定。,5,8. His grueling work schedule, say aides, is almost surely a major explanation for the stomach ailment that hospitalized him for several days earlier last month.助理人员说，他那令
10、人筋疲力尽的工作日程几乎肯定是造成他胃病的主要原因，为此他上个月早些时候住院治疗了几天。9. 她不老实，我不能信任她。Because she is not honest, I cant trust her. (汉语暗含因果关系)10. 不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜。If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey.（汉语暗含条件从句）11.顷刻之间，滚滚的洪水像堵墙一般压了下来，一古脑儿连人带车都给冲走了。这情景直到现在还印在我的脑海里。The image of a sud
11、den wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.(这段中文的重心在“这情景直到现在还印在我的脑海里”，其他几句都是这情景的具体内容。英语喜欢用名词，动词用得少。这里遵循这一原则。),6,12. 我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河滚滚流过。Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling
12、waters of the river.(此句将汉语流水句译为了一个简单句，充分运用了英语用词和组句优势。)13. 他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热。他于是下了决心，碰到舒适的阴凉处，就坐下休息。His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.(下决心休息是信息中心)14. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。They are striving for the ideal which
13、is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.,7,（六）英语句子被动语态用得多， 特别是信息性和理论性的文体；汉语被动形式用得少，有时不用被动形式也可以表示被动的含义，有时可以用无主语句。1. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blub
14、ber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北冰洋受冻，便让它长了厚厚的一层脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后，把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有的是在船上进行，有的是在岸上进行的。(汉语这种没有被动形式而有被动意义的格式非常普遍,如 “信写好了,但还没有发出去”, “货送来了,已经入库”等等。)2.vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household
15、 can get on without it, for it is used in cooking. Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。任何家庭都离不开它，因为做饭的时候就要用它。有些话儿产生的油可以用来造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。（分析：据统计，科技英语的被动式结构几乎占三分之二。）,8,3.Great sums of money have been spent, for examp
16、le in the deserts of Egypt, in “prospecting” for oil.在石油勘探方面已经花了大笔的钱，比如在埃及的沙漠里进行的勘探工作就是如此。（无主句）4.Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?为什么总是把这些麻烦事都推给我呢？（无主句）5.The peace talks were being held in Paris.和谈那时正在巴黎进行。（此句必须译成主动句。其他例子：Has the doctor been sent for? / They want to be listened to. /He is felt to be a little stiff.）6. This does not read like a childs composition.这篇作文读起来不像小孩子写的。（英语原文外形主动实际被动，汉语也译成主动式。）7.今晚有人在此讲一些不该讲的话。Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.,
