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1、构建 读写结合 新常态，积极应对 新高考写作 概要写作 初探黄岩中学 杨谢友一 、概要写作简述1. 概念与考查能力2. 考查内容与要求3. 写作现状简析4. 基本步骤与技巧二、备考设想1. 分阶段指导，力求循序渐进2. 注重语篇教学，读后概要写作3. 拓宽写作途径，构建读写新常态1. 概念与考查能力A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points of sth, not the details. 牛津高阶英汉双解词典 摘要是一种对原始文献或文章的基本内容进行 浓缩 的 语义连贯 的短文 . 考查能力 : 阅读理解能力
2、, 分析判断能力，概括能力，表达能力 考试说明中对 阅读理解 要求的描述：（ 1）理解主旨和要义任何一篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么（即文章的主题），亦会理解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考察考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。（ 5）理解文章的基本结构英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末尾，作用是交待该段的中
3、心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这一主题。各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使文章行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑。（ 6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来的，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，这类问题要求考生在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。2. 考查内容与要求考试说明题型 2：概要写作 。提供一篇 350词以内的短文，要求学生基于该短文写出一篇 60词左右的内容摘要。阅卷时将主要考虑以下
4、内容：（ 1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（ 2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（ 3）上下文的连贯性；（ 4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。评分原则1. 本题总分为 25分，按 5个档次给分。2. 评分时，先根据所写概要的 内容 和 语言 初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。3. 词数少于 40的和多于 80的，从总分中减去 2分。4. 评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑： （ 1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（ 2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（ 3）上下文的连贯性；（ 4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。5. 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其
5、对交际的程度予以考虑。6. 如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。第五档（ 21-25分）要求n 理解准确，涵盖全部要点 ;n 能准确使用相 应 的 语 法 结 构和 词汇 ;n 有效地使用了 语 句 间 的 连 接成分，使所完成的概要结 构 紧 凑 ;n 完全使用自己的 语 言。3. 写作现状简析典型问题n 内容上： 要点遗漏或主观添加；概括不到位n 语言上： 不够简洁 ; 基本错误多n 结构上： 缺乏连贯 ；改变结构Step 1. Determine the type of writing and identify the topic as well as the authors
6、purposeStep 2. Divide the passage & summarize the main idea of each partStep 3. Highlight the key information of each partStep 4. Make an outline of the passage Step 5. Write the first draftStep 6. Revise the summary4.基本步骤与技巧 提炼内容整合 删除细节删除具体例子（引用一两个说明问题即可）避免重复同义转换 : 近义词、同义词等替换语言 句子重构 : 调整词类、时态、语态等逻辑
7、： 衔接（ 照应、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接 ）技巧Common transitional wordsTime-Sequence first, later, next, then, finallyExample for example, for instance, such asListing first, second, last, another, nextContinuation also, in addition, and, further, besidesContrast but, however, on the other hand, yet, in contrast, never
8、theless, otherwiseComparison similarly, likewise, also, likeCause-Effect because, thus, therefore, since, hence, consequently,Condition - resultif then; if therefore二、备考设想1.分阶段指导，力求循序渐进M1U4: Writing a summary of a passage means looking for the main idea of each part and putting it down in a sentence
9、. Look at each paragraph of the reading passage and write down its main idea. Para.1: Before the earthquake strange things began to happen but no one paid attention to them.Para.2: The earthquake destroyed the city of Tangshan.Para. 3: The people were very shocked at the destruction.Para. 4: The arm
10、y came to help the survivors, bringing hope for a new life.Summary:_ lawyer guidance legal hopeful vote attack fight violence equal blow up out of work as a matter of fact reach a stage where According to these key words, write a summary about Elias Story: _M1U5: Elias StoryM4U3: A master of non-ver
11、bal humorWhy people needed cheering upWhat Charlies childhood was likeWhat his most famous character was likeAn example of a sad situation that he made funnyHis achievementsIn Britain and America people were feeling miserable because of the bad economic situation. Charlie understood their problems.
12、His character “the little tramp” was poor and homeless, but everybody loved him for his kind heart and the way he dealt with his difficult situation. Charlie Chaplin made people laugh at some of these terrible situations like being without food or money. He wrote and directed his own films and recei
13、ved an Oscar for his outstanding work. (76 words) 2. 注重语篇教学，读后进行概要写作（ 1） 把握文本体裁结构，培养学生语篇意识注重培养学生在阅读过程中整体把握文本大意并探索语篇结构及其意义的意识与能力，帮助学生在大脑里建立起阅读文本体裁的形式图式。 篇章类型：说明类 (Exposition)议论类 (Argumentation)叙事类 (Narration)描写类 (Description)Style of writing： Exposition （ problem-solution）Main idea: Chemical fertiliz
14、ers can cause many problems, so organic farming is becoming more popular.Write a summary of this passage following the procedures.Step 1: Skim the passage to find its main idea. Write it down in your own words.Step 2: Find and underline the topic sentence of each paragraph. Rewrite each topic senten
15、ce, using your own words. Do not copy from the passage!Step 3: Write your summary. First state the main idea of the passage and then the topics covered by each paragraph. Remember, use your own words!Step 4: Swap summaries with your partners and give each other comments. Check your partners summary for the main idea and topic sentences.Para.1: In recent days, scientists have discovered that using chemical fertilizers for a long time can hurt the land and also peoples health.Para.2: There are several
