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1、,6THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS宏观经济学的数据,Measuring a Nations Income一国收入的衡量,Chapter 15,Microeconomics微观经济学,Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。,Macroeconomics宏观经济学,Macroeconom
2、ics is the study of the economy as a whole. 宏观经济学研究整体经济。Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once. 宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场的经济变化。,Macroeconomics,Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:Why is average income high in some countries
3、 and low in others? Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others? Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?,宏观经济学,宏观经济学回答以下问题：为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国家平均收入低? 为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些时期物价较为稳定? 为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一些年份收缩？,7,美国1930s经济大萧条,20世纪
4、30年代，美国股市崩溃引发经济大萧条,失业人员在政府部门登记备案，要求政府解决工作,1935年，露宿在纽约城港区码头的失业者,1935年，爱荷华州斯密司兰，一家人的圣诞夜晚餐,1932年，纽约，人们排队等待领取面包,1937年，加州帝王谷，失业的年轻母亲,1933年，爱荷华州一座农场被抵押拍卖,1933年，首都华盛顿特区一处街道,1936年，旧金山，一名青年在一间职业介绍所外查看招聘信息,1933年，存款者在银行前等待兑现。至1933年初美国已有半数银行倒闭业,1934年，旧金山，警察与罢工工人发生冲突,8,津巴布韦的通货膨胀,津巴布韦一张一千亿的钞票仅仅等价于一美元，这场经济危机开始于198
5、0年，自从这个国家获得独立以来通货膨胀率已经到达了2,200,000。近年，政府已经开始发行1百万，5百万，1千万和最高的5亿元的钞票。,2012年2月12日，希腊议会通过总额为33亿欧元的新紧缩措施。希腊警察和示威者在首都雅典的街头爆发了冲突。图为示威者向警察投掷石块。,9,图为一名示威者在雅典宪法广场上大声呼喊。,10,图为示威者在雅典市中心向警察投掷石块。,11,图为两名女性在雅典宪法广场掩面捂鼻以躲避催泪气体。,12,图为希腊警察看守着几名被扣留的示威者。,13,14,The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出,When judging wh
6、ether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。,The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出,For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: 对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出，因为：Every tr
7、ansaction has a buyer and a seller. 每一次交易都有买者和卖者。Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller. 某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入,Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.It is the total market value of all final goods and services pr
8、oduced within a country in a given period of time.,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product,国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量一个经济体的收入和支出。国内生产总值 (GDP) 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终商品（物品）与服务（劳务）的市场价值。,国内生产总值的衡量,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量,The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the
9、 circular-flow diagram.收入等于支出可以由经济循环图来说明。,Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram,Spending,Revenue,Income,= Flow of inputs,and outputs,= Flow of dollars,图1. 经济循环图,企业,家庭,生产要素市场,商品和服务市场,The Measurement of GDPGDP的衡量,GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given
10、 period of time.GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product,“GDP is the Market Value . . .”Output is valued at market prices.“. . . Of All Final . . .”It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).“. . . Goods and
11、Services . . . “It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits).,GDP的衡量,“GDP 是市场价值 . . .”产出按市场价格来评价。“. . . 所有的 . . .”GDP只包括最终物品的价值，而不包括中间品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。“. . . 物品与劳务 . . . “它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽车），也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医生出诊）。,The Measurem
12、ent of Gross Domestic Product,“. . . Produced . . .”It includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past.“ . . . Within a Country . . .”It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.,GDP的衡量,“. . . 生产的 . . .”它包括现期生产
13、的物品与劳务，并不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。“ . . . 一个国家之内 . . .”它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范围之内。,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量,“. . . In a Given Period of Time.” “在某一既定时期内”It measures the value of production that takes place within a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months). 它衡量
14、某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。,THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGDP的组成部分,GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets. GDP包括一个经济体生产并在市场上合法销售的所有物品与劳务。,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP,What Is Not Counted in GDP?GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never
15、 enter the marketplace.It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.,GDP的组成部分,什么未计算在GDP之内？GDP不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进入市场的大多数商品和服务。GDP不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如毒品。,Other Measures of Income其他收入衡量指标,Gross National Product (GNP) 国民收入总值Net National Product (NNP) 国民生产净值National Income 国民收入,Other Measu
16、res of Income其他收入衡量指标,Personal Income 个人收入Disposable Personal Income 个人可支配收入,Gross National Product,Gross national product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nations permanent residents (called nationals).It differs from GDP by including income that our citizens earn abroad and excluding income that foreigners earn here.,国民总收入,国民总收入 (GNP) 是一国永久居民（称为国民）所赚到的总收入。GNP 与GDP不同之处在于包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。,
