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1、Description,Naturalistic Observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation,Correlation,Correlation Coefficienta statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor pre
2、dicts the other,Correlation coefficient,Indicates directionof relationship(positive or negative),Indicates strengthof relationship(0.00 to 1.00),r = +.37,Correlation,Scatterplota graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variablesthe slope of the points suggests the directi
3、on of the relationshipthe amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlationlittle scatter indicates high correlationalso called a scattergram or scatter diagram,Correlation,Scatterplots, showing patterns of correlations,Correlation,Correlation,Scatterplot of Height and Temperament,55 60 65
4、70 75 80 85,Correlation,Three Possible Cause-Effect Relationships,(1)Low self-esteem,Depression,(2)Depression,Low self-esteem,Low self-esteem,Depression,(3)Distressing eventsor biologicalpredisposition,could cause,could cause,could cause,or,or,and,Illusory Correlation,Illusory Correlationthe percept
5、ion of a relationship where none exists,Two Random Sequences,Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960.,Experimentation,Experiment an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental
6、process (the dependent variable) by random assignment of participants the experiment controls other relevant factors,Experimentation,Placebo an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to char
7、acterize the active agentDouble-blind Procedureboth the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebocommonly used in drug-evaluation studies,Experimentation,Experimental Conditionthe condition of an
8、 experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variableControl Conditionthe condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental treatment serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment,Experimentation,Random Assignmen
9、tassigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chanceminimizes pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups,Experimentation,Independent Variable the experimental factor that is manipulatedthe variable whose effect is being studiedDependent Variable the e
10、xperimental factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process,Experimentation,Research Strategies,Design of the subliminal tapes experiment,Statistical Reasoning,Statistical Reasoning,Statistical Reasoning,Modethe
11、 most frequently occurring score in a distributionMeanthe arithmetic average of a distributionobtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scoresMedianthe middle score in a distributionhalf the scores are above it and half are below it,Statistical Reasoning,A Skewed Distribution,
12、Statistical Reasoning,Rangethe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distributionStandard Deviationa computed measure of how much scores vary around the meanStatistical Significancea statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance,Frequently Asked
13、 Questions about Psychology,Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life?,Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology,Does behavior depend on ones culture?Culture-the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to
14、the next,Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology,Does behavior vary with gender?,Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology,Why do psychologists study animals? Is it ethical to experiment on animals? Is it ethical to experiment on people?,Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology,Is psychology free of value judgments?,Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology,Is psychology potentially dangerous?,
