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1、,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Quality forage feeding is foundation of dairy businessGood forage feeding is basis to good nutritionConsider your investment, cow is 15 - 35,000 RMBWhy would you not want to feed her properly to get the best return?If you cant afford to operate a Mercedes, why b
2、uy such an expensive car?,用优质饲料饲养奶牛是乳品业的基础用优质饲料饲喂是奶牛获取营养物质的基础买一头奶牛的投资为15 ,000 - 35,000 元你为什么不采用合理的方式饲养奶牛以获取最高的回报？如果你承担不起养奔驰车的费用为什么还买这么昂贵的车呢？,Baz Fritz, Sustainable Agricultural Development II,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Once you commit to the industry by the purchase of a cow, her pay back
3、depends on feed/care for her.If you are going to feed a poor and inadequate diet, top genetics not profitableWith a Mercedes you get an operators manual, we should get one with a dairy cow purchase, ”how to operate”,一旦你买奶牛,它的回报将由饲养方式来决定如果用劣质饲料来饲养奶牛且饲喂量也不足,再优良的奶牛也无法取得好的效益像买奔驰车时随赠操作说明一样,我们买奶牛时也应提供“饲养奶
4、牛手册”,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Dairy cow is a ruminant! An animal that chews its cud, has 4 stomach compartmentsPigs and man have one compartmentOther 3 compartments assist in digestion of fiber.This difference allows ruminants to use feed no other animals canCapacity of stomach is like 2
5、00 kg barrel with bacteria and protozoa,奶牛是反刍动物,其 胃由4个胃室组成,并且与其它反刍动物一样进行反刍活动人和猪是单胃动物瘤胃,网胃,瓣胃3个胃室消化纤维反刍动物这种独特的胃结构帮助它们消化非反刍动物难以消化的食物反刍动物的胃就如一个200kg的包含细菌和原生动物的大桶,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Concept of Fiber:Minimum amount of fiber needed to keep stomach working efficientlyHas been referred to
6、as the scratch factorWoody portion of a feed, relatively indigestibleSome fiber required, excess can impact the system, low production (19-21% ADF)The reason and animal chews its cud,纤维的概念:反刍家畜需要一个最低纤维量来维持正常的瘤胃活动.纤维通常被认为是饲料中最粗糟的因素是饲料中不易被消化的木质部分对纤维物质的需求量较少,过多会对影响家畜消化，并导致减产纤维是家畜反刍的原因,奶牛饲养导论 Introducti
7、on to Dairy Feeding,Same stomach as other ruminants but much more productionDairy cow is a fine, well bred milking machineTherefore need quality forage to produce maintenance plus milk what the Holstein cow bred for.This doesnt mean cow can produce miracles by feeding straw,即使奶牛胃结构与其它反刍动物相同,但其生产力远高于
8、它们奶牛就像是一台性能良好的产奶机正如饲养荷斯坦奶牛一样, 奶牛需要优质饲料来维持生命和产奶用玉米秸秆饲养的奶牛不可能创造出牛奶高产的奇迹,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Pig猪,Cow牛,4,4,2,1,3,*,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,High quality forage implies, low fiber, high protein, high minerals and vitaminsMinimum amounts of fiber keeps gut and digestive syste
9、m functioning wellStraw as only forage and concentrate results in low fiber as cow consumes little straw and excess grain.,优质饲料是指含有低纤维,高蛋白,高矿物质和维生素的饲料奶牛需要一个最低纤维量保证内脏和消化系统的正常功能用秸秆与精料的混合饲料饲喂奶牛时,由于喜食精料中的谷类而不食秸秆，最终使奶牛缺乏纤维物质,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Feeds divided into 2 main categories:1) Rou
10、ghages2) ConcentratesRoughages: make up about 40- 60% of dietRoughage or forages are usually relatively high fiberCan be legumes or grassesCan be pasture or hayCan be silage,饲料可分为2大类: 1) 粗料2) 精料粗料:占奶牛日粮的40-60%粗料和牧草中纤维含量较高粗料可以是豆科或禾本科植物粗料可以是草地牧草或干草粗料可以是青储饲料,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Concent
11、rateAll other feeds, including grain, protein supplement and vitamin, mineral premixTend to be low in fiber, high in energy and/or protein, minerals and vitaminsInclude corn grain, rapeseed cake, soy meal, 18% dairy ration.,精料是指除上述粗料外的其它饲料，包括谷类,蛋白质补充料,维生素和矿物质预混料精料中纤维含量低, 能量/蛋白质，矿物质和维生素的含量高包括玉米,菜籽饼,豆
12、饼, 18%的奶牛精补料,饲料营养成分表 FEED COMPOSITION TABLE,饲料营养成分表 FEED COMPOSITION TABLE,45.3,36.3,27.2,18.1,9.0,0,30,60,90,120,150,180,210,240,270,300,奶牛泌乳曲线Dairy Cattle Lactation Curve,产奶天数 Days in Milk Production,日产奶量(kg) Daily Milk (kg),Adapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual,Daily Milk (kg),45.3,36.3,27.2,18.1,9.
13、0,0,30,60,90,120,150,180,210,240,270,300,标准泌乳曲线 Normal Lactation curve,日粮供应不足时的泌乳曲线 Lactation curve where insufficient dairy ration supplied,产奶天数 Days in Milk Production,奶牛泌乳曲线Dairy Cow Lactation Curve,日产奶量(kg) Daily Milk (kg),损失的奶量Lost milk production,Adapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual,45.3,36.3,27
14、.2,18.1,9.0,0,30,60,90,120,150,180,210,240,270,300,奶牛泌乳曲线Dairy Cow Lactation Curve,标准泌乳曲线 normal lactation curve,干奶方式不正确，以及饲喂劣质饲料造成营养极度不良的奶牛泌乳曲线 Lactation curve with poor dry cow program & overall poor nutrition, i.e. poor forage,产奶天数 Days in Milk Production,损失的奶量Lost milk production,日产奶量(kg) Daily
15、milk (kg),Adapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Signs of StressLow milk productionlow butterfatreduced feed intakevariable feed intakeinconsistent manurechange in temperament/behaviorsigns from other stock/ age differencemore specific feed stress signs discussed in
16、second presentation,奶牛应急反应症状产奶量降低乳脂减少采食量减少采食量变化大排泄异常家畜性情和行为的改变造成家畜个体之间和各年龄组之间的差异下一个讲座中将进一步讨论家畜对更为具体的饲养应急反应的特征,奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding,Feed makes up 5 class of nutrients1) Water2) Energy3) Protein4) Minerals5) VitaminsThese nutrients essential for Maintenance Growth Production Reproduction Immunity disease resistance,
