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1、Part I Reading ComprehensionTest One Four 任选两篇 + 书本外的两篇Test OneSometimes negative reactions do not result from actual interaction but rather from the fixed, preconceived beliefs we have about other people. These over-generalized beliefs or stereotypes frequently shape peoples perceptions of each oth
2、er.有时消极反应并不是源于实际交互从固定的,而是先入为主的信仰我们对他人。这些过于宽泛的信念或“刻板印象”经常形状人民对彼此的看法。Stereotypes originate and develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies, and television. Movies about cowboys and Indians portray cowboys as civilized and Indians as wild and primitive. A child who knows about the Am
3、erican Indians only through watching these movies will have a distorted and false image of this group of people. Stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies about religious, racial, and cultural groups.刻板印象产生和发展从许多来源,如笑话、教科书、电影和电视。电影关于牛仔和印第安人描述为“文明”,印度野生和“原始。“一个孩子知道美国印第安人只能通过看这些电影将会有一个扭曲的和虚假的这群人的形象。刻板印象延续错误
4、关于宗教、种族和文化群体。Stereotyped beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics. Negative stereotypes lead to prejudice, suspicion, intolerance, or hatred of other cultural groups.刻板的信念阻止我们看到人作为个体独特的特点。负面刻板印象导致偏见,怀疑,不宽容, 或其他文化群体的仇恨。Cultural conflicts occur as a result of mi
5、sinterpretations, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudice. Preventing these conflicts is possible with increased awareness of our own attitudes as well as sensitivity to cross-cultural differences. Developing intercultural sensitivity does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identitiesbut r
6、ather that we recognize cultural influence within ourselves and within others.文化冲突发生由于误解,民族优越感, 刻板印象和偏见。防止这些冲突有可能增加的认识我们自己的态度以及对跨文化差异的敏感性。发展跨文化敏感度并不意味着我们需要失去文化 identities-but 而我们意识到自身的文化影响,在别人。Stereotypes are _B) over-generalized and sometimes distorted descriptions of groups of people刻板印象是过于宽泛,有时甚至
7、扭曲的描述群体“he thinks that all Levadelians are stupid and lazy ” is an example of _B) ethnocentrism他认为所有 Levadelians 愚蠢和懒惰是种族中心主义(民族优越感) 的一个例子The authors believe that in order to be sensitive to other cultures people should _C) recognize how they have been influenced by their own cultures作者认为,为了对其他文化的人们
8、应该意识到他们已经受到本国文化的影响What is the main idea of the passage?D) Stereotypes and prejudice这篇文章的主要意思是什么? 刻板印象与偏见Which of the following words can replace “perpetuate” in paragraph 2?C) Preserve下列哪个单词可以代替“延续”第 2 段吗? 保存Psychological noise refers to forces within a communicator that interfere with the ability t
9、o express or understand a message accurately. For instance, an outdoors person might exaggerate the size and number of the fish he caught in order to convince himself and others of his talents. In the same way a student might become so upset upon learning that she failed a test that she would be una
10、ble (perhaps “unwilling” is a better word) to understand clearly where she went wrong. Indeed, psychological noise is a very important communication problem.心理噪音是指部队在一个沟通者,干扰的能力表达或理解准确消息。例如,一个在户外的人可能会夸大他钓到什么鱼的大小和数目,以说服自己和其他人的才能。以同样的方式在学习学生可以变得如此沮丧,她一个测试失败, 她将不能(可能是“不愿”是一个更好的词)来理解清楚哪里出了问题。事实上, 心理上的噪声
11、是一个非常重要的沟通问题。But the linear (线性的) model, despite its advantages, inaccurately suggests that communication flows in one direction, from sender to receiver. Although some types of messages (printed and broadcast messages, for example) do flow in a one-way, linear manner, most types of communication, e
12、specially the interpersonal variety, are two-way exchanges. To put it differently, the linear view ignores the fact that receivers react to messages by sending other messages of their own.但是线性模型,尽管它的优点,不准确地表明,沟通在一个方向流动, 从发送方到接收方。虽然某些类型的消息(例如,印刷和广播消息)在单向流动,线性的方式,大多数类型的通信 ,尤其是人际关系,是双向的交流。换句话说,线性观点忽视了一
13、个事实,接收者对信息作出反应通过发送自己的其他消息。Consider, for example, the significance of a friends yawn as you describe your romantic problems. Or imagine the blush you may see as you tell one of your dirty jokes to a new friend. Nonverbal behaviors like these show that mast face-to-face communication is a two-way affa
14、ir. The discernible(可辨别的) response of a receiver to senders message is called feedback. Not all feedback is nonverbal, of course. Sometimes it is oral, as when you ask an instructor questions about an upcoming test or volunteer your opinion of a friends new haircut. In other cases it is written, as
15、when you answer the questions on a midterm exam or respond to a letter from a faraway friend. 考虑,例如, 一个朋友的打哈欠的意义正如你描述你的浪漫的问题。或想象脸红你可能认为你告诉你的一个肮脏的笑话, 一个新朋友。这些非语言行为表明,桅杆面对面的沟通是一种双向关系。明显的(可辨别的) 响应接收到发送方的消息被称为反馈。当然,并不是所有的反馈都是语言。有时口腔, 当你问一个即将到来的测试或志愿者教练质疑你的意见的朋友的新发型。在其他情况下写的,当你回答这个问题在期中考试或回复一封来自一个遥远的朋友。W
16、hich of the following is considered to be psychological noise?C) A person often overestimates his ability.下列哪个是心理噪音? 一个人往往高估了他的能力。When a person is upset, _B) he is likely to have a communication problem当一个人不安时,他可能是一个沟通的问题The linear view holds that _A ) Communication flows heavily one way通信流动的线性观点认为严重的一种方法A feedback message can be _D) any of the above (nonverbal,spoken,written)反馈信息可以是任何上述(非语言, 口语、书面)The last paragraph uses examples to illustrate the i
