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1、CANADA,Canada is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the worlds second largest country by total area. Canadas common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longe
2、st in the world.,In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonom
3、y was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.,Provinces and territories,Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped
4、into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (the latter made up of the three territories: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut).,加拿大十省三地区分别为：阿尔伯塔省（英语、法语：Alberta，成立年份：1905年） 不列颠哥伦比亚省（英语：British Columbia，法语：Colombie-Britannique，加入年份：1858年） 马尼托巴省（英语、法语：Manito
5、ba，加入年份为1870年） 纽芬兰与拉布拉多省（英语：Newfoundland and Labrador，法语：Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador，加入年份：1949年） 新不伦瑞克省（英语：New Brunswick，法语：Nouveau-Brunswick，加入年份：1867年） 西北领地（英语：Northwest Territories，法语：Territoires du Nord-Ouest，加入年份：1870年） 新斯科舍省（英语：Nova Scotia，法语：Nouvelle-cosse，加入年份：1867年） 努纳武特地区（英语、法语：Nunavut，于1999年从
6、西北地区分割出来） 安大略省（英语、法语：Ontario，加入年份：1867年） 爱德华王子省（英语：Prince Edward Island，法语：le-du-Prince-douard，加入年份：1873年） 魁北克省（法语：Qubec，英语：Quebec，加入年份为1867年） 萨斯喀彻温省（英语、法语：Saskatchewan，成立年份：1905年） 育空地区（英语、法语：Yukon，加入年份：1898年）,Provinces have more autonomy than territories. (such as health care, education, and welfar
7、e) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world.,Temperatures across Canada vary according to the location. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which exper
8、ience a continental climate.,In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year (more in the north). Coastal British Columbia enjoys a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter.,People,Aboriginal peoples in Canada include the First Nations Inuit, and Mtis. The Mtis
9、a culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the early periods.,The land that is now Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples.
10、Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years War.,Government and politics,Canada has strong democratic traditions upheld through a parli
11、amentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and its authority stemming from the Canadian populace. The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 oth
12、er Commonwealth countries and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queens representative, the Governor General of Canada, carries out most of the royal duties in Canada.,The direct participation of the royal and vice-royal figures in any of these areas of governance is limited,
13、though; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada, the head of government.To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usu
14、ally appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons and the prime minister chooses the Cabinet.,Party,Each Member of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple majority in an ele
15、ctoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a re
16、gional basis, serve until age 75.,Foreign relations,Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to officially participate in the Iraq War. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canadas membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophone.,Economy,Canada is one of the worlds wealthiest nations, with a high per-capita income. It is one of the worlds top ten trading nations.,
