第二讲非谓语动词,1,大学英语语法Grammar,非谓语动词,概念：非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词、形容词和副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式特点：与谓语动词相比，非谓语动词既不能单独作谓语，其形式又不受主语的人称或数的限制故又称为非限定动词分类：三种形式：动名词，不定式和分词(现在分词和过去分词)一、动名词动名词是一种非谓语动词，形式为v+ing，与现在分词同形基本形式：,非谓语动词——动名词,A. 动名词的特点：兼具名词和动词的特征1. 动名词的动词特征：动名词可以有宾语，可以用状语修饰（1）带宾语 a. He avoided giving us a definite answer. 动名词giving后有双宾语 b. The doctor advised taking exercise. 动名词taking后有宾语exercise. （2）用状语修饰 a. I enjoy working with you. with you 是状语，修饰动名词working b. She doesn’t allow smoking in her house. in her house 是状语，修饰动名词smoking,非谓语动词——动名词,2. 动名词的名词特征即其语法功能：在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
1）作主语 a. Smoking may cause cancer. b. Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just graduated. c. It’s nice talking to you. It 是形式主语，真正的主语是动名词短语talking to you d. It’s a waste of time arguing about it.,非谓语动词——动名词,（2）作表语 a. The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. b. His greatest interest in life is traveling. （3）作宾语 a. Would you mind not using your mobile phone in the meeting room? b. Your shoes need polishing(擦一擦). c. Are you interesting in going to the show(演出)？ d. I’m proud of having a friend like you.,非谓语动词——动名词,【考试重点】 参看P16以下动词只能用动名词作宾语admit 承认 appreciate 赞赏，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避开imagine 想象 miss 错过practice 练习 delay 耽搁mind 介意 consider 考虑postpone 推迟 enjoy 享受risk 冒风险 suggest 建议,非谓语动词——动名词,非谓语动词——动名词,B. 动名词的完成时和被动式表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。
非谓语动词——动名词,B. 动名词的完成时和被动式完成时a.He regrets having wasted so much time when he was young.年轻时浪费了那么多时间，他现在很后悔b.He apologized for not having kept his promise.他对于没有遵守诺言表示歉意被动式c.He dislikes being interrupted when he is working.他不喜欢在工作时被人打扰d.He didn’t mind being left at home.他并不介意把他留在家里非谓语动词——动名词,C. 动名词的逻辑主语当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词的物主代词或代词的宾格Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦 What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 困扰他们的是食物不足。
非谓语动词——动名词,C. 动名词的逻辑主语当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词的物主代词或代词的宾格Would you mind _________ the computer game in your room?(04) A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play [B]He forgot about ________ him to attend my wife’s birthday party. A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to ask[B],二、不定式不定式是一种非谓语动词，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，多与某些动词、名词、形容词搭配基本形式：,非谓语动词——不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语1）作主语 不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数如： To serve the people well is our duty. 动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it作形式主语。
上述句子也可改为： It is our duty to serve the people well. 类似这样不定式做主语的句型有: It is + n.+ to do It takes sb.+ some time + to do It is + adj.+ for sb.+ to do It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do,非谓语动词——不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语1）作主语 例如： It is our duty to help them. It will take you quite a long time to finish it. It is easy for us to answer this question. It is kind of you to help me. 注： 1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等： 2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。
非谓语动词——不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语2)作宾语 We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers. 注意： 如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用it作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去 例如： 他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的 They found to get everything ready in advance impossible. 宾语宾补 They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.,非谓语动词——不定式,【考试重点】以下动词只能跟不定式作宾语afford 花费得起，提供 appear 好像happen 碰巧 arrange 安排hope 希望 attempt 试图intended 企图 decided 决定learn 学会 plan 计划expect 期望 offer 打算pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 fail 未能manage 设法 fear 害怕want 要想 wish 希望,非谓语动词——不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。
3)作定语 This is the best way to solve the problem. 注意： ①用不定式作定语时，它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系，所以如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要的介词 例如： Mary needs a friend to play with. There is nothing to worry about. Because air pollution has been greatly reduced， this city is still _____ . A.a good place to live B.a good place for living in C.a good place to be lived in D.a good place to live in 答案：D,非谓语动词——不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语3)作定语 ②不定式作定语，如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系，则不定式后面不能再带宾语 例如： Here is a letter for you to type it. √Here is a letter for you to type. The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them. √The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for. 同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。
非谓语动词——不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语4)作状语 In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard. 注意： ①不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语 例如： √The water is unfit to drink. 错误：The water is unfit to drink it. √They found Mr.Jones‘ lecture hard to understand. 错误： They found Mr.Jones‘ lecture hard to understand it. 同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。