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1、词语的翻译,翻译中词汇的对应,由于每一种语言形成的地理、人文以及历史文化背景的不同，不同语言之间必定有差异，大到语法结构，小到具体的词义。因此，在翻译时，词的处理要视上下文的具体情况而定。easy(容易的)。an easy dress 便衣；a woman of easy virtue 水性杨花的女人；an easy market 清淡的市场。,一、一词多义二、语境不同，措词不同三、词的内涵及外延不完全对等,一、Polysemy一词多义,翻译多义词，关键要正确理解它的上下文意义，然后用对应词来翻译。 The medicine help the cough. 这药能治疗咳嗽。Dont mistr
2、anslate a word if you can possibly help it. 如果能避免，就不要把字译错。,二、语境不同，措词不同,Hitler was the fate of the people。- 第三帝国的兴亡 The Rise and Fall of the Third Empire 译1：“希特勒是德国人民的命运。”译2：“希特勒是德国人民的劫数。”原文中所含的“在劫难逃”、“命中注定”的含义跃然纸上。翻译时要充分准确地表达原文就要求译者既要深刻地理解原文的含义，又要有深厚的汉语功底。,三、词的内涵及外延不完全对等,任何两种语言之间概念对等的词是有的，但翻译时不能醉心于寻
3、找对等词。在汉英或英汉字典中，如sun，太阳；可是sun在英语中还有 “日出，阳光”。The room is flooded with sun.(房间里洒满阳光）sun还可作动词“晒太阳”，a quilt sunning on the fence(晒在篱笆上的被子）,一、认真辨析词义,多义词歧异词同义词反义词,多义词,1. 我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。 Lets find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. Lets find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk.2. 箱子里已经没有地方了
4、。 There is no more space in the chest. There is no room left in the chest. 3. 你希望留在部队还是到地方上去？ Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit?,4. 我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。 Its part and parcel of our national policy to dev
5、elop enterprises in villages and towns. It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises. 5. 我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。 We must make adjustment in our policy in response to changes in the situation. We have to adjust our policy to the changing situation.,
6、6. 请大家积极参与单位的体制改革。 Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of ones work unit. You are all encouraged to play an active role in the systematic reform of our unit. 7. 他总是以积极态度处理各种问题。 He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems. He approaches various
7、 problems with a positive frame of mind.,8. 请别客气.9. 他客气而冷淡地接待了我们.10. 对他这种人就是不能客气.11.他说自己才疏学浅,这只不过是中国人的客气罢了.,8. 请别客气. Please dont stand on ceremony. Please dont be so polite. Please make yourself at home. Please dont bother. Please, we dont want to put you to trouble. 9. 他客气而冷淡地接待了我们. He received us
8、politely but coolly. He received us with civility but no warmth. He received us with cool politeness. He received us with polite indifference.,10. 对他这种人就是不能客气. You cannot afford to go soft on a man like him. You must not be too soft when dealing with someone like him. You must be tough with people l
9、ike him. Dont give in easily when dealing with someone like him.,11.他说自己才疏学浅,这只不过是中国人的客气罢了. He says that he is a man of little learning and talent. That is merely self-depreciation, considered as politeness by the Chinese. When he says he has little learning or talent, he is only being modest in acc
10、ordance with the Chinese rules of politeness. By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning, eh is only being modest like a typical Chinese. He describes himself as incompetent and unlearned. That is merely typical Chinese modesty.,同义词的区分,General/Specific Degree (Deep/Shallow) Coverage (wi
11、de/narrow) Abstract/Concrete,同义词,农业是国民经济的基础.（广义）这些年来,我国的农业林业畜牧业和渔业都得到了相应的发展.（狭义）我们要破除迷信,解放思想.当前我们应努力克服个人主义和享乐主义各种错误思想.他那八十高龄的母亲已于上月去世. （褒义）臭名昭著的麦卡锡终于一命呜呼哀哉!（贬义）,二、认真选词用词,1.词汇的感情色彩注意词义的广狭注意词义的轻重注意词义的褒贬注意词义的强弱2.词汇的文体色彩 intimate casualconsultativeformal Frozen3.词语的搭配,美丽,美丽、好看、漂亮、中看、受看、入眼、顺眼、英俊、俊俏、俊美、绝色
12、、冰肌玉骨、面如冠玉、花容月貌、国色天香、秀色可餐、倾国倾城等。,死亡,亡、卒、陨、崩、亡故、过世、仙逝、归西、牺牲、献身、永别、没了、完蛋、毙命、送命、暴卒、阵亡、夭折、早逝、升天、坐化、羽化、圆寂、回老家、玩儿完、粉身碎骨、溘然长逝、寿终正寝、呜呼哀哉、驾鹤西游、百年之后、三长两短、以身许国、马革裹尸、玉殒香,先交代我自己吧。我是个算命先生。我也卖过酸枣、落花生什么的，那可是先前的事了。现在我在街上摆挂摊，好了呢，一天也抓弄个三毛五毛的。老伴儿早死了，儿子拉洋车。我们爷儿俩住着柳家大院的一间北房。 First, a few words about myself. Im a fortune-
13、teller. Once I was a vender of sour dates, ground-nuts and what not. But that was ages ago. Now I keep a fortune-tellers stall on the side-walk and can scrape up three or five dimes a day at best. My old gal had long kicked up her heels. My sons a rickshaw-boy.Thats who he is. We two, father and son
14、, hang our hats at a south-facing room in the lius compound.,三、习语汉译英,习语的范围,成语: “人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定性的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。” （陈文伯） set phrases; idioms2. 惯用语：idioms3. 俗语: “通俗流行之语”或“约定俗成广泛通行之语” sayings4. 谚语: “在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。” proverbs歇后语：由前后两部分构成，前一部分多为比喻，后一部分说明喻义。two-part allegorical sa
15、yings格言警句: maxim,习语的特点,习语集中反映一个民族或文化的特色习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现习语是语言中独立的、不规则的、固定的成分。 第一、二两点对译者的要求是什么？ 第三点对译者的要求是什么？,第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。第三点要求译者不要把习语当作普通语句来处理，须避免字字对译。,礼尚往来刻骨铭心粗枝大叶无孔不入扬眉吐气,赴汤蹈火小题大做 班门弄斧迂回曲折乱七八糟针锋相对,初出茅庐罄竹难书跃跃欲试木已成舟愁眉苦脸倾城倾国,习语翻译的指导思想,“直译基础上的意译”陆殿扬：“Translate literally, if possible, or, appeal to free translation.” (如果可能，就直译；否则就意译）奈达：功能对等（Functional Equivalence: not only the equivalent content of message, but, in so far as possible, an equivalence of the form);,
