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1、l: 2007- 01- 13Te:null(1978- ),o,a,V3b!(?8褚null 静(渤海大学中文系,辽宁锦州121000)Knull1: 预设(Presupposition)是由德国学者弗雷格(GottlobFrege)提出的重要的哲学和语言学概念b预设触发语是能产生预设的词项或表层结构形式b自从1965年乔姆斯基在他的语法体系里增加了语义部分,预设作为意义的一种自然也开始成为一个研究课题b自20世纪80年代起,语用学在中国迅速兴起b很多学者在他们的论著中为我们引进和介绍了预设这一语用学重要论题b但目前我国从事现代汉语预设触发语研究的学者还不多,研究的角度也不尽相同b1oM:
2、语言学;预设;预设触发语ms|: H0- 06null null null null null null nullDSM: A null null null null null null nullcI|: 1672- 9617(2007)03- 0410- 03null null!(Presupposition)S(GottnulllobFrege)41QbN,SE(Bertrand Russell)+(PeterStrawson)sYBQTbE!B0Vr5-4,0TLvHqb!(?(Presupposition triggers)V?!Mbnull nullBa!(?null null 1n
3、ull1V1965MDE89Fls,!TilB197SB5bVlZ7!:D!Tnullnull(Focus),c:(Charles Fillmore)!Tl,#(PaulKiparskyand CarolKiparsky)LM(Factivepredicate)b!T,D1970M?VnullaValdnull4b4,s=1966M1,#N-8aFDvbvE!K*bc:lB_jb1968M?VnullOnull(TheCasefor Case),4$nullEnull(Case Grammar)Xb1969M,c:cnullnullnull nullMnullnullMnull,)!bfnul
4、l!,PMnullaHqnull (Happiness conditions), nullnull(Aptly)PMAHq,9AMnullbLMdLMQ1970MnullYLnullBnQ4b?C, nullSignificant,LikelynullMY,HM,(1),H?M,(2)b(1)It issignificant that hehasbeen found guilty.(2)Thefact that thedogbarkedduringthenightissignificant.null null 2nullHE!5vvZj7,U!(?(Presuppositiontrigger)
5、b5m2(Karttunen)null!Cnull(Presuppositionalphenomenon)B31!(?,(Levinson)nullnullB413,ea/:(1)( Definite descriptions,seeStrawnullson,1950,1952): null John saw/didnnull t see theman withtwoheads. Thereexistsaman with twoheads.(2)LM(Factive verbs , see Kiparsky &Kiparsky,1971):John realized/didnnull t re
6、alizethat hewas in debt. John wasin debt.(3)cM( Implicative verbs , Karttunen,1971):John forgot/didnnull t forget tolock thedoor. John oughttohavelocked,or intendedtolock332007M7沈阳工程学院学报(社会科学版)Journalof Shenyang InstituteofEngineering(SocialSciences)Volnull3 Nonull3Jul. 2007thedoor.(cM:Regret;happen
7、;avoid ;etc.)(4)MM(Changeof stateverbs ,seeSellnullars,1954; Karttunen,1973):John stopped/didnnull t stopbeating hiswife. John had been beatinghiswife.(5)QM(Iteratives):Theflying saucer came/didnnull t comeagain. Theflying saucer camebefore.(6)M(Verbsofjudging,seeFillmore,1971a):Agathaaccused/didnnu
8、ll t accuse Ian of plagiarism. (Agathathinks) plagiarism isbad.(7)HWV( Temporal clauses, Frege, 1892 ;Heinamaki,1972):Before Strawson was even born, Frege noticed/didnnull t noticepresuppositions. Strawson was born.(8)s(Cleft sentences,seeHalvorsen,1978;Prince,1978a; Atlas& Levinson,1981):It was/was
9、nnull tHenry that kissed Rosie. someonekissedRosie.(9)s(Implicit clefts with stressed connullstituents):John did/didnnull t competein theOLYMPICS. John did compete somewhere (cf. It was/wasnnull t in theOlympics that John competed).(10)1v(Comparisons andcontrasts,seeG.Lakoff,1971):Carol is/isnnull t
10、 abetter linguist thanBarbara. Barbaraisalinguist.(11)dKV(Non- restrictive relativeclauses):The Proto- Harrappans, who flourished 2800-2650 B.C.,were/werenot great templebuilders. The Proto- Harrappans flourished 2800-2650 B.C.(12)QYLHq(Counterfactualconditionals):IfHannibal had only had twelve more
11、 elephants,theRomancelanguages would/would not thisday exist Hannibaldidnnull t havetwelvemoreelephants(13)P(Questions, see Katz. 1972; Lyons,1977):Is thereaprofessor of linguisticsat MIT? Either there is a professor of linguistics atMIT or thereisnnull t.null null=aCq!(?null null120W80M,Sa?Zb1aha+3a+EaxqsY!B15bN,Y(1989)null1!+5nullam(1990)null1!wdInulla9(1993)nullnull!nullnullsYV!5),ikCqsb-SVYCq
