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1、第十二章 主谓一致一、语法一致主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。1、当 and 或 both.and.连接两个或多个名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。2、不定代词 either,neither,each one,the other,another,no one,anyone,anything 等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。3、由 Each.and.,each.,every.and.,every.作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。4、主语后面有 with,together with , along with , as well as ,
2、except , but,besides,like,such as 等表示连带成分时,谓语动词的单复数由这些词前面的主语来决定,即主语是单数,谓语用单数;主语是复数,谓语用复数。Eg. Look! A women with 12 children is waiting for a bus.All except Tom have passed the driving text.5、某些只有复数形式的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数,如 trousers,pants,shoes,gloves,glasses,scissors 等。 Eg. My shoes are in the box.6、由“a p
3、air(a kind,a series.) +of +名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用单数;“pairs(kinds.)+of+ 名词复数”作主语。谓语动词用复数。7、不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Eg. Doing morning exercises is good for your eyes. 8、一个从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。9、 分数作主语时,不是看分数本身,而是看这个分数所修饰的名词。如果修饰的是不可数名词或可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数,如果是复数名词,则谓语动词用复数。Eg. In our class two thirds of the students are gir
4、ls.Three quarters of the information on the internet is written in English.二、意义一致谓语动词用单数还是复数,主要看主语所表达的概念。1、由 and 连接两个主语时,如果把这两个主语作为个体来考虑时,谓语动词用复数;如果把这两个主语看作一个整体时,谓语动词就用单数.Eg. The singer and the dancer come from Hongkong.The singer and dancer comes from Hongkong.2、集体名词(class,family , audience,group,t
5、eam,club 等)作主语时,当它表示整体概念时,谓语动词用单数;当它表示组成整体的个体成员时,谓语动词用复数。Eg. All my family enjoy skiing.Our class is not big.The class are waiting for a new teacher now.3、People,police 等群体名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg. The police are looking for the lost boy now.4、一些名词如 maths, physics,politics(政治),news ,the United States 等,其形式
6、上虽以-s 结尾,但表示的确是一门学科或一种事物,谓语动词用单数。Eg. The United States is a developed country.5、当表示度量,距离,金额,时间等数量词作主语时,常把这个数量词看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。Eg. Twenty years is not a long time.三、就近原则1、在 or, eitheror, neithernor,not onlybut also, not but句型中,其谓语动词和邻近的那个主语保持一致。Eg. Not only his family but also he likes Zhang Yimous mo
7、vies.2、在 there be 和 here be 结构中,谓语动词通常和靠近 be 的名词来决定谓语的单复数形式。4、倒装句1、so + 助动词/be 动词/情态动词 +主语 ,用于肯定句Neither + 助动词 /be 动词/ 情态动词 +主语 ,用于否定句这两个结构表示所说的情况同样适用于后面的人或物。2、以 here,there,out,in,down,away 等表示方位的副词开头的句子中,如果主语是名词,要用倒装;如果主语是代词,就不必倒装。Eg. There goes the bell.Here it is.第十三章 情态动词一、情态动词的特征1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或
8、已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2)情态动词除 ought 和 have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即第三人称单数不加-s。4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。Need I.?Yes,you must.No,you neednt.5)情态动词后面必须加动词原形。常见的情态动词有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need 等,另外,have to、had better 也当作情态动词使用。 2、情态动词的
9、用法1、can/could 的用法:1)表能力, “能,会”Can you play football?2)表推测,常用于否定句和疑问句中It cant be Toms.3)表请求或允许, “可以”,多用于口语You can go home now.4)could 是 can 的过去式,表过去的能力5)Can 引导的一般疑问句:Can .? Yes,.can./No,.cant.6)区分 can 和 be able to 表能力时,两者可以互换;can 只用于一般现在时和一般过去时(could) ,其他时态用 be able to 2、may/might 的用法1)表示允许或请求, “可以”M
10、ay I come in?用于主语是第一人称的一般疑问句时:May I .?Yes,you may./No,you mustnt/cant.2)表示推测可能,也许,用于肯定句He may come tomorrow.3)may 放在句首,表示祝愿May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!4)might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may 小。5)Can/may 表允许或请求时,一般可互换。6)may/might as well,后面接不带 to 的不定式,意为不妨。例如:If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此,我们不妨
11、试一试。3、must 的用法 1)表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要, “必须,应该”2)表示推测, “一定”,一般用于肯定句。否定句和疑问句用 can,否定句也可用 may3)Must 开头的一般疑问句:Must I .?Yes,you must.No,you neednt/dont have to.4)区分 have to /must(1)两词都是必须的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the
12、night.弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。 (客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。 (主观上要做这件事) (2)have to 有人称、数、时态的变化,而 must 只有一种形式。但 must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如:He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。3) 否定结构中:dont have to 表示不必,mustnt 表示禁止。例如:You dont have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事
13、告诉他。You mustnt tell him about it.你不得把这件事告诉他。 4、should 和 ought to 除了上述的用法,两者还可表示想必一定,按理应该的意思。例如:I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水,想必也能维持了。It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。They should be there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了。The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。5、had
14、 better 表示 最好,相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。例如:It is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat. 天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。Shed better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那条狗。6、would rather 表示宁愿 would rather dowould rather not dowould rather than 宁愿而不愿。还有 would sooner, had rather, had sooner 都表示宁愿、宁可 的意思。例如:If I have a ch
15、oice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有选择的余地,我宁可辍学离开这个学校。I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我宁愿呆在这儿,而不愿回家。7、will 和 would 注意:1)would like;would like to do = want to 想要,例如:Would you like to go with me? 想和我一块去吗?2)Will you? Would you li
16、ke? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用 some, 而不是 any。例如:Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吧。3)否定结构中用 will,一般不用 would, wont you是一种委婉语气。Wont you sit down? 你不坐下吗?8、带 to 的情态动词 带 to 的情态动词有四个: ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上 have got to (=must ), be able to,为六个。它们的疑问、否定形式应予以注意:Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month? 他们必须在月底前付帐单吗?She didnt us