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1、1二笔汉译英基本翻译思维（教师用）一、联句与断句第一种、顺着译：平铺直叙的、语意完整，大胆断句，用点隔开。* TTPS 应该有比较语言学这门必修课程。比较语言学之所以是必修课，因为翻译实际上无时无刻不需要比较双语之异同。刘宓庆翻译教学：实务与理论 ，2251. 认识落后，才能改变落后，学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。Backwardness must be perceived before it can be changed. A peron must learn from the advanced before he can catch up and surpass them.2.（2005-5
2、）生存的压力对他来说显得格外沉重，他贩过水果，养过鸡，还下功夫学习过中医。The burden of life seemed to be especially heavy for him. He tried to make a living by selling fruits, raising chickens and taking pains to learn traditional Chinese medicine.3.紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将手里的这个盆儿放在桌子上，开了套间门出来，仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。(红楼梦Zijuan was answering an
3、d hurried out to change a spittoon and put the spittoon in her hand on the table and opened the door of inner room to go out，still closed it，let down the flowered portiere and went to wake Xueyan （?）4、我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄色制服，别的没有印象了。I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards
4、at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.汉语为加强语气，对于一件事，往往从一个方面说了之后，还要从另一个方面说一说。英语则不然，前面有了 All I remember now is .，后面如果再说and I dont remember anything else，就显多余。“方面”、 “方式”、 “问题” 、 “情况”之类的范畴词，在汉语句子里没有多少实际意义，但很有用，可以使句子流畅。汉译英时，范畴词可以不译，英译汉时，可以酌情使用。5.中国有13亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。China has a
5、population of more than 1.3 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the worlds average.顺着译其它译例参看：卢敏二笔真题P195第二种、中文句子内部蕴涵有因果、转折、顺承、假设等逻辑关系的，主动添加逻辑连接词连成一句、 “避免一盘散沙”。26. 有的人以为散文不可捉摸，拿起笔来先害怕。Some people regard prose-writing as something difficult to master. Once they take up the
6、 pen, they are seized with a kind of fear. 7. 济南地段的黄河，夏天河面宽，水流急，- 泥沙沉淀淤积，河床逐年加高，- 水位高于地面十余米。The Yellow River at Jinan is wide and turbulent in summer. With years of precipitation and deposition of silt, its bed has become higher and higher so that its average water level is about 10 meters aboe the
7、ground.8. 一个高度近视的女博士去擦鞋店擦高统靴，秃头老板亲自蹲下来给她效劳。When a woman doctor who suffers a severe myopic went to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins，the bald boss squatted down to serve her personally.添加连接词的：看卢敏历年真题P195二、树状结构的建构定语从句及变体形式SV（O）(英语句子结构示意图 )“大树参天，枝杈横生”注：（跨行的搭配就是刘宓庆教授说的“句套子”【刘宓庆翻译教学 ，140】 ）介词结构同位语跨行的
8、固定搭配 非谓语动词3由于汉语的“意合” 特点，有些汉语句子的内部成分常常一一罗列，呈现并排式结构，外形上没主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑标记。有人形象地把这种句子称为“竹节”式结构。英语句子的“主谓结构” 为句子主干，其它成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条主干上，犹如树枝与树干的关系。人们把英语句子的这种树状结构称作“多枝共干”型。在下面的译例中，原文小句的并列关系，到英文里变成了主从关系或偏正关系： （1）他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。They must stop all their provocations at once, which create tensions
9、.(2)中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简
10、单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；2.2 利用-ing 分词 （二笔最重要的应用之一）-ing 分词做状语，表示伴随情况、时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式等。如： 我不知道他的地址，只好在家里等着。 Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. -ing 分词短语作 时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词 when, while 引出。如： 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。While
11、 reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他看到那些画，想起了他的童年。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. （2005-5 ）在他 21 岁的时候，这个年轻人竟怀揣一幅地图，手持一个指南针，摇着轮椅踏上了走遍全中国的艰难路途。At the age of 21, this young man, with a map and a compass in hand, embarked on the hard journey of traveling around China in
12、 his wheelchair.-ing 分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如： 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。 Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. 4因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。 Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. ing 分词短语作结果状语。如： 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了
13、碎片。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. -ing 分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如： 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。 They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 年轻人跟在老人的后面，开始慢慢地走起来。 Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly
14、. （2005-5）他实现了徒手攀登泰山、华山、衡山等 20多座名山，孤身翻越海拔5231米的唐古拉山，手摇轮椅走过丝绸之路，穿越塔克拉玛干（Taklimakan）大沙漠，徒手攀登上海东方明珠电视塔，圆满完成从沙漠到香港的旅行。He left a trail of human records including climbing more than 20 famous mountains like Mont Tai, Mount Hua and Mount Heng with his hands, crossing the 5,231-meter-high Mount Tanggula alo
15、ne, traveling along the Silk Road in wheelchair, crossing the Taklimakan Desert, getting to the top of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai with his hands, and completing the journey from the desert to Hong Kong. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 6. 军队革命化、现代
16、化、正规化建设继续加强，国防实力和军队防卫作战能力提高。 The revolutionization, modernization and standardization of the armed forces were carried forward, leading to a rise in our countrys military capability and our armys defensive combat readiness. 原文两个主谓结构并列，仔细看有从属关系。第二个主谓结构译文只用了分词短语，较好地衬托出前者是重点。2005-5现在，每年都有几百万人到长城游览。在旺季，几处最著名的景点总是让成群结队的游客挤得水泄不通。Now, millions of people journey to the Great Wall each year, making its most popular sites 5besieged by hordes of
