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1、 文都国际教育官方网站：http:/ questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often the relationships is between pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).The four a
2、nswers choices will be words or phrases from the passage. Only one choice is the word to which the highlighted word refers.总结起来指代题有以下三个特点：1. 问题除了常规代词(it/they/them/these)外，还有 which, this 等语法指代;Which 是定语从句或者非限制定语从句的关系指代词，此外新托福阅读真题出现过 this + problem/view 等非常规语 法指代题。2. 代词所指必须是前面提到过的词;代词指代在英语里面可分为前指和后指，在
3、新托福阅读考试里面只考前指，也就是指代前文提到过的事物。 文都国际教育官方网站：http:/ 答案可以是词、短语或者前面谈到的一件事情;新托福阅读指代题突破我们常规的指代概念，不局限于指代单个词，它可以是短语，甚至是完整的一句话。问题形式：The word “X” in the passage refers to二、考试的内容托福阅读常考查的代词包括：they, them, it, this, these, which, others, some, none, this + n 等。首先同学们要掌握这些词本身的意思，考查的内容虽然是指代，但我们要追溯起源头，也就是这些代词本身的意思，这和词汇题
4、是一个概念，只有知道词本身的意思，才能在此基础上推导出来该词的同义词。下面我们就逐一分析一下每个代词本身的意思。1.They: 他(它)们，复数代词，注意这个代词既可以指代有生命的东西，也可以指代无生命的东西。eg: My father and mother are here. Theyvisit every week.Take your books, they might be useful.2.Them: 他(它)们，是 they 的宾格，所以同样这个词即可以指代有生命的东西，也可以指代无生命的东西。eg: My father and brother are playing basketb
5、all, I bought drinks for them.Where are my shoes? I cant find them. 文都国际教育官方网站：http:/ 指代单数名词，可以指代无生命的东西，也可以指代有生命的东西(指代动物)，一般是特指(the + n); 此外还可以指代前面所说的整件事情。eg: I pick up the plate and putit on the table.Where is the mouse? The cat ate it.He said he can swim across that big river, but I dont believeit
6、.4.This: 这个，可以指代前面说的事物( 单数可数名词或者不可数名 词)、动作、过程等，通常是指代离它最近的东西。在托福阅读里面通常用作限定词，形式：this + neg: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological inventio
7、n.This 根据词本身的意思，是指离它最近的事物，所以答案是 the development of plants that produce seedsThekilling of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is a
8、nd hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem. 文都国际教育官方网站：http:/ this + problem, 那么所指的就是前面提到离这句话最近的问题：The killing of birds of prey5.These: 这 些, this 的复数形式，指代复数名词，其它用法同 this 一样eg: They carried on their farm operations with mules and they had no surplus of these, seldom more than fo
9、ur.6. Which:(非限制)定语从句中的关系代词，指代前面的先行词，先行词可以是单个名词、短语或者一个句子eg: He has a bookwhich is written by Hemingway.He likes reading books,which is a good habit.She said shed been waiting for an hour, which was true.7.不定代词：托福阅读常考不定代词有 both, some, other, and none etc. 不定代词顾名思义就是不指明代替任何特定名词，用在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。eg
10、: Some of his stories were quite amusing.(主语)They are both doctors.(表语)These trousers are wetIll change into my other ones.(定语)She had none of her mothers beauty.(宾语) 文都国际教育官方网站：http:/ 语义关系语义关系要求所指代词带入句子中要符合句子意思。Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form
11、 of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.The word they in the passage refers toa. applied-art objectsb. the laws of physicsc. containersd. the sides of pots 文都国际教育官方网站：http:/ c 和 d 两个选项。剩下 a 和 b 选项代入句子，原文译为：因为物理原理，而不是任意
12、想法，决定了应用艺术品的普遍形式，应用艺术品/物理原理需要遵守基本的模式，这样它们的功能形式才不会相差太远。根据句子意思，应该是应用艺术品需要遵守基本的模式，而不是物理原理，所以我们可以推断出来答案是 a。It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. Itprobably bred and gave birth on land.The word it in the passage refers toa. p
13、akicetusb. fishc. lifed. ocean根据句子语义 It probably bred and gave birth on land(它可能在陆地上繁殖养育下一代)可以推导出来 it 是指有生命的 动物，所以排除 c 和 d,b 选项“鱼” 是不可能在陆地上繁殖和养育下一代的，所以答案只能是 a。2.句子结构 文都国际教育官方网站：http:/ fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.The wordtheyin the passage refers toa. qualitiesb. finsc. groovesd. depressionsThey 在句子中
