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1、2014 年专八人文知识必背1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学； 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学，音系学3. Syntax: The study
2、of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但 VOA是 Initialis
3、m。6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种，一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美=或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指
4、代少先队员。7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life （Shakespeare）。明喻， 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like 或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天
5、来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the worlds a stage（Shakespeare） 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “忧
6、愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”（莎士比亚） the ship of desert 沙漠之舟9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法， 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如 在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness10. The affection name given to the clock tower of th
7、e Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eves expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体， 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式
8、，通常有一种传统的押韵形式， 莎士比亚用过此诗体。13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种
9、语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话，
10、一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言。16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调， 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a yea
11、r or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法，一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词， 词的构成或用法，例如 buzz 或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音。19. hypotaxis: 从属关系20. parataxis: 并列结构，指 短语
12、或分句间不用连词， 如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义， 一种
13、文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫？沃尔多？爱默生和玛格丽特？富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学， 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形
14、式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant 辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦； for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child 和 joy 的第一个音 Also called: affricative.25. Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray26.
15、 Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins尼尔。阿姆斯特朗、埃德温。奥尔德林、迈克尔。柯林斯27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。28. Henry David Thoreaus work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcenden
16、talism.29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队 in the 1960s.32. In Gullivers Travels 格列佛游记， Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the worlds most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting
