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1、名词和名词短语（2 ） 限定词和属格4.1 限定词 Determiner在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指，类指以及表示数量等限定的词。Determiners refer to the words which are used in the pre-modification of a noun phrase which typically precede any adj. that pre-modify the head word.A nice man. (a: determiner, nice: adjective)限定词和形容词区别 Difference between Determiner
2、and Adjective1. 前置限定, 限定词在形容词前面.Determiner usually precede adj. in pre-modification.A nice man. (a: determiner, nice: adjective)2. 限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。The choice of Determiner is determined by the head word but not that of adj.A good man. Not these good man. (should be these good men)3. 形容词表明中心词的特征，而
3、限定词限定中心词的意义数量。Adj. describe the head word by showing its characteristic while determiner determine the head word by identifying or quantifying.Many Good The useful Books.My old4. 形容词可位于中心词后，而限定词不可。 Adj. can post-modify the head word but not Determiner.5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除 few, little, many much 外) 。Adj
4、. has comparative form but not Determiner（except few, little, many much）.4.1.2 Co-occurrence of DeterminersDeterminer may co-occurrence in the pre-modification of a noun phrase: two or more determiner may modify one and the same head word. Each determiner takes a fixed position , we identify their r
5、elative positions in the case of co-occurrence.前位限定 Pre-Determiner 中位限定 Central Determiner 后位限定 Post Determiner All, BothHalf, Double Twice, Three times One-third, Two-thirdsWhatSuchmanyA, TheThis, That, These, ThoseMy, your, hisJohns(Genitive)Any, Some, NoEach, Every, Either, Neither,WhatWhich(ever
6、), Whose(ever) One, Two, ThreeFirst, Second, Third.Next, Last,Few, Many, MuchAnother, Other, Several SuchPre-determiners and Central Determiners are mutually exclusive, that is in one and the same Noun Phrase, there could be only one Pre-determiner and Central Determiner, however, Post-Determiners a
7、re not mutually exclusive.All the other students. (Pre + Central + Post )All the other three students. ( Pre + Central +Post + Post )定义考点1定义考点2练习 1练习 2练习 3,44.1.3 Usage of some DeterminersAll and Whole (difference)1. All 强调个体中的每一个，某种程度上与 every相似。She would work 12 hours a day all the year long.1. Who
8、le 更注重于整体。Whole regiments surrendered to the enemy.2. All 修饰一个表示地方的短语时，一般指“所有住在那的人” ， All the village was excited at the news.(=the whole village)2. Whole 根据原文一般指指居民或者地方本身作为一个整体存在。The whole village was flooded,3. 修饰专有名词时语法的区别。特别是地名。All Newcastle was excited at the news.3. 修饰专有名词时语法的区别。特别是地名。The whol
9、e of Newcastle was excited at the news.All and BothAll 修饰 2 部分以上组成的个体。 Both 修饰的个体由 2 部分组成 All, Every, EachAll 侧重于整个 groupAll the boys enjoyed themselves at the party.（全局）Every 指 Group 中的个体Every boy enjoyed himself at the party.（全局中的个体）Each 则侧重于单独的个体。Each boy got one present at the party.（个体）Both, Ea
10、ch, EitherBoth 强调 2 个一起 Each, Either 当表明 2 个中的每一个的时候both sidesThere are shops on Each side of the street.Either sideAny, Either, No (None), NeitherAny, No (None) refer to a group of more than 2.Either and Neither refer to a group of 2.4.1.4 Article 冠词As a determiner, it pre-modifies a head noun, in
11、the English Language, there are two articles: Definite article 定冠词“the” and indefinite article 不定冠词 “An”. The Two terms indicate some of the semantic implication of the article usage.考点3定义泛指和特指 Generic reference vs. Specific reference: Generic reference denotes class membership and it can also refer
12、 to a class as a whole, its realized by a singular countable noun that goes with an indefinite article a(n),or with definite article “the” or a plural countable noun goes without an article.e.g. The panda is a rare animal.Specific reference can be made either in a definite way or in an indefinite wa
13、y, definite specific reference identifies the referent in question and is realized by a noun with a definite article “the”. Indefinite specific reference points to a particular, actual example of the class, realized by a singular countable noun with “a”.e.g. A dog charged me yesterday when I was on
14、my way home.Definite article + Generic referenceThe panda is a rare animal.Indefinite Article + Specific ReferenceA god charge me when I was on my way home last night.*不定冠词 A(n) Indefinite Article “A(n)”Main function: to indicate class membership. typically used with singular countable noun, refer t
15、o a class as a whole.1. 当专有名词或者不可数作为一种可数名词的分来来讲的话，前面可加 AHe looks forward to owning a Benz.2. 职业，工作为补语的名词需要不定冠词修饰。John is a writer.3. 仅可一个人担任的职业名词不需要不定冠词的修饰。He was selected chairman of the committee. As president of the United State*定冠词 The Definite Article “The”The Definite Article “The”不需要加定冠词“The”
16、的情况 需要加定冠词“The”的情况1. 公共机构在习惯性表达里不需要冠词。They go to church every Sunday.1. 指公共机构本身的建筑时，用 The (bed, class, table, town etc.用法相同)The church was pulled down for a new and bigger one.2.体育运动不需要加定冠词Play basketball/ football/ tennis2. 指某人有能力弹奏某乐器时用 “the”Play the Piano/ Guitar/ Cello/ Violin 3. by 后面接交通工具名词时不加“the”By taxi/ by bus/ by plan/ by train3. 当一些指独立事物或者人物的名词表示某些“特定的系统或服务“的时候，要加”the”Ring for the taxi if its raining.How long does it ta
