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1、1Themes and Concepts in Contemporary British Culture and SocietyChapter 1 IntroductionThe British Isles: a group of islands off the northwestern coast of Continental Europe, including, geographically, the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and adjacent smaller islands, and politically, the UK and
2、Ireland.不列颠群岛。地理上包括：大不列颠群岛和爱尔兰及其附属岛屿。政治意义上指联合王国及爱尔兰共和国。The “square mile”: the oldest part of the City of London situated on the north bank of the River Thames between Tower Bridge and London Bridge.伦敦金融城，伦敦最古老的一部分。位于泰晤士河北岸的伦敦桥和伦敦塔之间。Greater London: the capital and the largest city of England; locate
3、d on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center.英国首都，也是英国最大的城市。位于英国东南部，毗邻泰晤士河。是英国的工业和金融中心Chapter 2 Family and Personal Relationships (1)Household: a person living alone, or a group of people living together as a unit (a family). 住户：一名独居者或一群同居者（家庭）构成的单位Youth subc
4、ulture: a kind of culture characterized by rebellious teenagers and identified by a particular style of clothing, music and sometimes hairstyles. 青少年亚文化，包括青少年特有的服饰、音乐、价值观等等。2Civil (wedding) ceremony: Civil ceremony is a non-religious marriage ceremony. It is performed in a Government Registry Office
5、 and will usually be followed by a reception for family and friends.世俗婚礼指的是没有宗教元素的结婚仪式。它通常在政府登记处进行，由公务员帮助注册婚姻，之后则是亲朋好友的招待会。Chapter 3 Family and Personal Relationships (2)Conjugal roles: the different activities and responsibilities of husbands and wives.婚姻角色：丈夫和妻子的不同作为和承担的责任Generation gap: a differe
6、nce of opinions regarding beliefs or values between younger people and their parents and/or grandparents. (Wikipedia) 代沟：年轻人与父母或其他长辈之间的价值观、信仰等差异。Sheltered Housing: Sheltered housing is provided in groups of flats or cottages (normally 25-39) with a two-way speech alarm system linking each house with
7、 a wardens office and house, to help to overcome the difficulties such as too many stairs, inadequate heating, social isolation for the old.庇护所：庇护所是单元化的平屋或者村舍（通常为 25 到 39 平方米）。它包含连接每个住所与区管理人的双向语音警报系统-用于解决老年人在诸如楼层过高、供暖不足以及社交隔绝等方面的困难。Day Centres: a place to eat, keep warm or chat during the day, for o
8、ld people with no other arrangements日间活动中心：为没有日常活动的老年人在白天提供就餐、取暖以及聊天的场所。3Chapter 4 EducationTripartite system: a system of secondary modern, technical and grammar schools selected 11 year-old children at the end of their primary education by means of exam. The top 20% attended grammar schools. 三级体制是
9、普通中学、技术学校以及文法学校在初等教育之后通过考试的方法来对 11 岁儿童进行选拔的一种机制。排名前 20%的儿童进入文法学校。Key Stages: stages of the state education system from the infant school to the university in Britain. At each of the stages the core subjects of English, mathematics, science, technology, physical education and religious education are
10、taught. History, geography, music and art are also compulsory subjects up to 14 years old. P84关键阶段（Key Stage）是英国公立学校系统对各年龄阶段学生知识学习预期的安排。包括如下几个阶段：关键阶段 0: 托儿所（3-5 岁），通常称为基础阶段（ Foundation Stage）；关键阶段 1：1-2 年级（5-7 岁）；关键阶段 2：3-6 年级（7-11 岁）；关键阶段 3：7-9 年级（11-14 岁）；关键阶段 4：10-11 年级（14-16 岁），结束考试称为普通中等教育证书考试（
11、General Certificate of Secondary Education，GCSE ）；关键阶段 5（通常称为第六学级，Sixth Form）： 12-13 年级（16-18 岁）。结束考试包括中学高级水平考试（A-Level）、中学准高级水平考试（AS-Level）、国家职业资格考试（NVQ）和 HND。4GCSE: The General Certificate of Secondary Education (taken at the end of compulsory education at the age of 16. Any number of individual s
12、ubjects may be taken.)普通中等教育证书(16 岁完成义务教育后授予该证书。需要修习较多课程)GCE: General Certificate of Education, an academic qualification that examination boards in the U. K. confer to students. The GCE traditionally comprised two levels: the Ordinary Level (O Level) and the Advanced Level (A Level). 普通教育证书Sixth Fo
13、rm: Some students continue in the same school for a further 2 years study in the “sixth form”, leading to an examination of GCE, advanced level.第六年级：部分学生在同一所学校再读两年以参加 GEC 考试以获得一般学历考试证书优等。A level: Advanced level examination taken by British pupils after the two Sixth Form years, required for entrance
14、 to universityA 等：英国学生在完成两年第六年级学习后参加的高级会考；是进入大学的前提。Vocationalism: the economic recession of the 1970s and 1980s, and accompanying high levels of unemployment brought a great concern to strengthen links between education and the economy. These ideas were formulated into policies during the 1980s .At
15、first, they were aimed particularly at the 14-18 year age group and the lower two-thirds of the ability range. The aim was to train young people in terms of skills in work as well as their attitudes towards it and expectations of it.职业教育论：20 世纪 70、80 年代，经济衰退导致的高失业率引起了人们对加强教育和经济之间联系的巨大关注。该理念在 80 年代开始
16、引入政治领域，旨在培训年轻人工作方面的技能，改变他们的工作态度和对工作的期望。最初，该理念仅针对 1418 岁群体以及剩下三分之二能力较低、未能进入大学的人。Chapter 5 Work5Job Centre Plus facilities: government-run job centers which provide information and advise potential employees on jobs in the locality. P115 政府运作的就业中心Trade unions: workers joining as groups to negotiate with management by collective bargaining for better pay and conditions, or to offer their members services and assistance.工会：工人集体加入而形成的与管理方进行集体谈判的组织。旨在追求更好的工作环境和待遇或者为其成员提供更好的服务
