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1、1常见的八种逻辑关系1，并列关系: and, and also, or, neithernor, eitheror, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas 2，递进关系: then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more 3，因果关系: because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(suc
2、h) that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, tooto 4，转折关系: but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of 5，让步关系: although,
3、though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of 6，列举关系: firstsecondlast of all, firstthen, to begin withto continue/next, on one handon the other hand, for one thingfor another thing, oneanother, someothersstill others 7，举例关系: such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them,
4、 among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely 8，总结关系: in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, toconclude, to generalize, to put it in one word 翻译技巧技巧之一：“定语从句” 的翻译总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比
5、)类定语从句:1)、限定性 (没逗号);2) 、非限定性 (有逗号). 1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短 - 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣( 的) 书.B. 较长 - 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正
6、在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的 , 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.(重复先行词”理想”)2) 非限定性定语从句:A. 较短 - 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;e.g. But Miggles laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默. B. 较长 - 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.2我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟
7、弟.(重复先行词约翰或用代词” 他”替代)技巧之二：“同位语从句” 的翻译四种翻译方法:1)、译为独立的句子;2)、 “名转动, 从变宾 ”;3)、 “这、那复指”;4)、主谓词组作定语.1)、译为独立的句子:适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现, 或同时满足以上两者.解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为”, “就是”, “即”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a womans place was in the home. 我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置
8、应该在家里, 很明显是错误的. 2)、 “名转动, 从变宾 ”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语. 解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.他希望他能再次访问我们的城市. 3)、 “这、那复指”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这 ”或”那” 等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is k
9、nown to most of us.文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉. 4)、主谓词组作定语:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了 .技巧之三“定语转译”1) 定语转译为谓语( 动词):e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量. 2
10、) 定语转译为状语:适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.e.g. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research. 两种译法:1) 定语从句”长后短前” 译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的
11、图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功. 技巧之四：“后置定语的翻译”3总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置” 最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法 :1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语. 1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.e.g.1 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basi
12、c features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007 年, 49题)e.g.2 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct)
13、 (in business).（2006 年, 49 题)e.g.3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007 年, 48 题)2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就
14、是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing 表示主动/正在, done 表示被动/完成,to do 表示意愿/将来. e.g.4 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008 年, 48 题)技巧之五：“宾语从句的翻译”总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带
15、宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:1) 普通宾语从句;2) it 作形式宾语的宾语从句.1) 普通宾语从句:一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用 “顺译法”.e.g.1 I dont know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的.e.g.2 They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛.e.g.3 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of ot
16、hers.他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.2) it 作形式宾语的从句:翻译时 it 一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出 , 即采用 “顺译法”.e.g.4 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:e.g.5 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸. 采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“ 这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.e.g.6 We consider it absolutely necessary that we shou
