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1、1第一讲 非谓语动词之一：动词不定式 一 知识学习1. 动词不定式的形式（ 以动词 do 为例 ）一般式：to do 一般式的被动式： to be done 一般式的进行式: to be doing 完成式：to have done 完成式的被动式 : to have been done 完成式的进行式: to have been doing 2. 动词不定式的含义：1) 一般式：所表示的动作，有时与谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this. 与谓语动词 seem 的动作同时发生I hope to see you again. = I h
2、ope that Ill see you again.发生在谓语动词 hope 的动作之后。2) 一般式的进行式： 表示不定式的动作正在进行，与谓语动词的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.3) 一般式的被动式：表式不定式的动作是被动的动作The emperor ordered the cloth to be woven at once. 皇帝命令那布应该马上让人织出来。4） 完成式：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.I am sorry to have ke
3、pt you waiting for so long.He seems to have caught a cold.5) 完成进行时：表式不定式的动作从过去到现在一直在持续She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.3. 动词不定式在句中的功能。1) 作主语To see is to believe. To finish the job as soon as possible is very necessary. 注意：不定式作主语时可以用 it 作形式主语来替代; 还可以加上 for sb. 来表示不定式动作的
4、发出者.To finish the job as soon as possible is very necessary. = It is very necessary ( for us ) to finish the job as soon as possible.Its very kind of you to help me with the heavy box.在以下形容词出现时可以用 it 作形式主语来替代不定式作主语。easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, bette
5、r;enough ,2)作表语My job is to design toys. Her greatest dream is to become a famous movie star.3) 作宾语2A.动词后直接跟宾语He planned to go on a trip to Tibet. She elected to become a lawyer. 她决定当律师。Women tend to live longer than men. 女人多比男人长寿。以下这些动词常跟动词不定式作宾语：ask; aim ; plan; intend; mean(打算)；hope; wish; expect
6、; offer; afford; pretend; try (设法；努力); consider ( 认为)； seem; appear ; agree; demand; desire; determine; endeavor(努力); decide; elect (决定、选择); choose ;fail; happen; manage; help; hesitate (犹豫); long (渴望); prepare; promise; refuse; wait; undertake ; tend ( 倾向于；趋向于); learn; remember(记得要去做); forget(忘了要去做
7、) 等 。B. 动词后带疑问词加不定式作宾语Please show us how to do that. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。以下这些动词后常可以带疑问词加不定式作宾语：decide ; know; consider; forget; learn; remember; show; understand; see; wonder; find out; explain ; tell 3) 作宾语
8、补足语He wants you to talk about it with Mary. We consider Tom to be an honest boy.以下这些动词常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语：wish; expect; offer; consider; ask; beg; choose; hate; like ; help; urge (催促；力劝) ; prefer; prepare; promise; want; would like / love ; want; advise; believe; cause; challenge; command (命令); declare; d
9、rive; enable(促使); encourage; forbid; force; hire; inform; instruct; invite; like; order; allow; permit; persuade; remind; report; request; require; select; send; suppose; tell; train; trust; warn 等。4) 作状语A. 作目的状语 常用 to do; in order to do; so as to do; only to do(仅仅为了); so(such) as to (如此以便)来引导目的状语He
10、 ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。Would you please be so kind as to help me with my math homework? I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。He got up early to/ in order to /so as to get to school on time. To / In order to catch the first bus, she got up earlier than usual
11、.注意：to do; in order to do; so as to do 都可以用来引导目的状语， 但 to do; in order to do 可以放在句首， 而 so as to do 则不可以方在句首。B. 作结果状语，表示事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜遍了整个房间，结果什么也没有找到。He came to himself only to find that the world around him had greatly changed. 他苏醒过来时， 结果发现它周围的世界已发生了极大
12、的变化。He got to the station only to find that the train had left.他到达车站时发现火车已经离开了。3C. 作原因状语 Im glad to see you.5) 作定语动词不定式作定语修饰名词。I have a lot of work to do. They only had a cold room to live in. The party to be held this Saturday evening will be very interesting. He made some candles to give light.4.
13、动词不定式的否定：动词不定式的否定直接在 to 前面加 not He started off early in order not to / so as not to miss the train.Tell him not to shut the window.She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见我。5. 动词不定式的复合结构：用动词不定式的复合结构表示不定式动作的发出者是谁A. 用在 Its + adj.+ for sb. to do sth. 的句型中, sb. 是 to do sth.的动作发出者，即逻辑主
14、语Its important for us to read English aloud every morning. 我们每天早上朗读英语是很重要的。B. 用在 Its +adj. of sb. to do 句型中， 句中的 sb. 是形容词的描述对象。常用的形容词有 kind; nice; stupid; rude; clever; foolish; thoughtful; thoughtless; brave; considerate(考虑周到的); silly; selfish(自私的) 等。Its very kind of you to help us. 你能帮助我们（你）真是太好了。
15、 It was silly of us to believe him. 我们相信了他的话（我们） 真是太傻了。It was rude of him to spit in public. 他当众吐痰（他）真是 太无礼了。C. 动词不定式用作宾语补足语时，直接宾语 sb.是 to do sth. 的动作发出者，即逻辑主语I would like Tom to come to the party. 我想让 Tom 来出席这个晚会。He wanted the job to be finished soon. 他想让这工作尽早完成。6. 注意以下句型的互换：1) Its/ It was believed
16、/ reported/ said/ expected/ known/supposed that sb/sth.= sb./sth. is/was believed/ reported/ said/ expected/ known/supposed to doIt is said that the earth is round. = The earth is said to be round.It was reported that a war had broken out between those two countries.=A war was reported to have broken out between those two countries.2) It happens/happened that sb./sth. = sb./ sth. happens/ happened to doIt happened that I was at the s
