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1、THE FIGURE OF SPEECHtop 20s rate1. Alliteration 头韵Repetition of an initial consonant sound. How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness. 他如何和为什么来到新泽西州的普林斯顿是一个充满奋斗、成功和令人伤心的一段经历。2. Anaphora 首语重复法Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of
2、 successive clauses or verses. (Contrast with epiphora and epistrophe.)3. Antithesis 对仗The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.4. Apostrophe 省略Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.5. A
3、ssonance 谐音；类韵Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.6. Chiasmus 交错配列A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.7. Euphemism 委婉语The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered o
4、ffensively explicit.8. Hyperbole 夸张An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.When I told our father about this, his heart burst.当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。 9. Irony 讽刺；反语The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A st
5、atement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. 啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。 10. Litotes 曲言；间接肯定法A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is express
6、ed by negating its opposite.11. Metaphor 暗喻；隐喻An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。12. Metonymy 借代A figure of speech in which one word or phras
7、e is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.A. Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them. 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。 “word”在这里代替了“news, informati
8、on”（消息、信息）BAl spoke with his eyes, “yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说，“ 是的”。 “说 ”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“ 说话的意思”。13. Onomatopoeia 拟声The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着14. Oxymoron
9、 矛盾修饰法A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.15. Paradox 悖论；反论A statement that appears to contradict itself.16. Personification 拟人A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.My only worry was
10、that January would find me hunting for a job again. 我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。 英语里常把“年”“月”“日” 人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。17. Pun 双关语A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.Napoleon was astonished. ”Either you are mad, or I am
11、,”he declared. “Both，sir!” cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。 18. Simile 明喻A stated comparison (usually formed with like or as) between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common. It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim
12、 fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 19. Synecdoche 提喻法（以部分代指全部或以全部代指部分）A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole (for example, ABCs for alphabet) or the whole for a part (England won the World Cup in 1966).The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲） 20. Understatement 保守称述A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.
