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1、语法突破篇,第八节定语从句,【命题分析】定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，是高中阶段英语学习的一个重点，也是历年高考的热点。命题者常把重点放在对基本的关系代词和关系副词的考查上，尤其要注意关系词whose，where，when在定语从句中的用法。另外，which和as引导的非限制性定语从句也是命题的热点。,【名师精讲】一、关系代词引导的定语从句,如：He is a good teacher who is loved by all.他是一个受大家爱戴的好老师。Here is the man(whom)you are looking for.这就是你在找的人。I saw some trees whos
2、e leaves were black with diseases.I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with diseases.我看见了一些叶子病得发黑了的树。The film(which/that)we saw last night is wonderful.昨天晚上我们看的那部电影很精彩。,Is she the girl that sells flowers?她就是那个卖花的女孩吗？She has been absent again，as is expected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。,二、关系代词that和which的区
3、别,如：There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.对他来说世界上好像没有不可能的事。Who is the man that is reading a newspaper over there?在那边看报的那个男子是谁呀？My house，which I bought last year，has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear.他拒绝邀请的
4、原因不清楚。,三、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句1介词关系代词中介词的宾语只能是which或whom。如：The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.你昨天告诉我的那位绅士证实是一个小偷。In the dark street，there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。,2当复合介词短语which引导定语从句时，这种定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开，从句用倒装语序。如：He lived in
5、a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大树。3ofwhich/whom表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose)如：Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(whose price)was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。,其中关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找
6、到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语),注意：(1)such.as.(定语从句)像那样的。(2)such.that.(状语从句)如此以至于。如：This is such an easy question as I can answer.(定语从句)这是一个我能回答的简单问题。This is such an easy questio
7、n that I can answer it.(状语从句)这是个如此简单的问题，以至于我能回答它。,五、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别,如：As we know，the Great Wall is a famous place.众所周知，长城是个著名的景点。The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us.太阳给地球热量，这一点对我们很重要。Einstein，as is well known，is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。Such advice as he was give
8、n has proved almost worthless.他所得到的那点建议结果证明几乎毫无价值。,六、关系副词引导的定语从句,(2)当先行词是表示时间/地点的名词时，应注意引导词在定语从句中所作的成分。如：Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗？Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？,(3)当先行词为case，point，po
9、sition，situation，activity，scene，stage等表“情形、状况”含义的词且关系词在从句中作状语时，常用where引导定语从句。如：They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须彼此分手的地步。,1(2012大纲全国高考)That evening，_I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.AthatBwhichCwhat Dwhen,解析：句意：那天晚上我一直工作到很晚，我
10、过后会告诉你关于那晚更详细的情况。本题中两个逗号之间的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，关系代词which代替先行词that evening。解答本题的关键是能够正确分析句子结构。A项that不能引导非限制性定语从句；C项what不能引导定语从句；D项when在从句中作状语，不能作宾语。答案：B,2(2012安徽高考)A lot of language learning，_has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during tha
11、t period.Aas BitCwhich Dthis,解析：句意：正如被发现的那样，大量的语言学习是在人生的第一年发生的，所以父母应当在那个时期和孩子多说话。该题解题的关键是理顺句子结构。空白处所在句为非限制性定语从句，B项和D项可排除。还原后题干结构：_has been discovered，a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.空格处的关系词指代a lot of l
12、anguage learning is happening in the first year of life这个句子。指代某个句子时，as引导的非限制性定语从句可后指或前指，而which引导的从句只能前指。此处为后指，因此A项正确。答案：A,3(2012重庆高考)Sales director is a position_communication ability is just as important as sales skills.Awhich BthatCwhen Dwhere,解析：句意：导购员是一个沟通能力和销售能力同样重要的职位。分析题干可知a position后是一个定语从句，
13、而该从句的引导词在从句中作地点状语，即in whichin the positionwhere，故选D项。在定语从句中，当position，point，case，stage，situation等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，则用where来引导定语从句。答案：D,4(2012山东高考)Maria has written two novels，both of_have been made into television series.Athem BthatCwhich Dwhat,解析：句意：玛丽娅已写了两部小说，它们都已被拍成了电视剧。分析题干结构可以看出：Maria
14、has written two novels是一个完整的含“主谓宾”的句子。如果后半句也是个完整的句子的话，那么题干中的两个分句中间缺少连接词and，故A项不正确。由此不难看出空格处应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，which代替先行词two novels。that作关系代词不能放于介词之后；what不能引导定语从句。分清句子结构是解答本题的关键。答案：C,5(2012湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process_even the small details of life should be considered.Awhat Bin what
15、Cwhich Din which解析：句意：对于心灵的关爱是一个渐进的过程。在这个过程中，即使是生活的小细节也应该考虑到。根据主从句之间的关系可知，空格处所填词引导定语从句，且在从句中作状语，所以选D项，in which指代in the process。答案：D,6(2012天津高考)I wish to thank Professor Smith，without_help I would never have got this far.Awho BwhoseCwhom Dwhich,解析：句意：我想要感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我就不会走得这么远。whose在定语从句中作关系代词，表示“的”，
16、句中先行词为Professor Smith。whose help在句意上相当于“Professor Smiths help”，whose是关系代词，引导定语从句。考生容易误选C项，因为只看到了without whom语意上相当于without Professor Smith，而忽略了题干中的help。若选C项的话，可去掉题干中的help。牢记定语从句各种引导词的用法并准确分析句子结构是解题关键。答案：B,7(2012江西高考)By 16：30，_was almost closing time，nearly all the paintings had been sold.Awhich BwhenCwhat Dthat解析：句意：到了16：30，差不多是关门的时间了，几乎所有的画都卖完了。定语从句缺少主语，使用关系代词which引导。when是关系副词；what不能引导定语从句；that不能引导非限制性定语从句。答案：A,
