8月21日形容词和副词以及冠词

形容词和副词以及冠词形容词表示人或事物的性质和特征。副词表示动作特征和性状特征。形容词和副词的比较等级形式1）绝大多数单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上 er,est 构成比较级和最高级。a)直接加 er,est ：small→smaller→smallest ， ，clever→cleverer→cleverestb)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母 ,后加 er,est：c)以辅音字母 +y 结尾的,先把 y 改为 i 再加上 er,est：early→earlier→earliest2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加 more / most.3）不规则变化形容词和副词的比较句型1、 原级比较：甲方像（不如）乙方肯定：as + 原级形容词 + as 从句 He is as (not so /not as )tall as you.否定：not as/not so +原级形容词 + as 从句2、 比较级比较：甲超过（不及）乙方比较级形容词和比较级副词+ than 从句 He runs faster than you .3、 表示两个中间较、 、 、 、 、 、的那个时，比较级前加 theHe is the taller of the two boys.4、 最高级比较：某人（或某物）在某个范围内最、 、 、The+ 最高级形容词或副词+in（of、among）He is the tallest in his classes.5、 比较级+and+比较级，表示“越来越、 、 、 “6、 The +比较级、 、 、 、 ，the + 比较级、 、 、 、 ，表示“越来越、 、 、 “冠词分类及读法： 英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用不定冠词 a / an 的用法：不定冠词的基本用法：(1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如： There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如： A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)(2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)(5) 几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest 等)(休息)一会儿,等等。定冠词 the 的用法：定冠词 the 用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。定冠词的基本用法：(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)(2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)(3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人 , 那个人叫罗伯特。)(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)(5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)(6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近 )(7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)(9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)(11)same 之前一般用 the。如： Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 一些不用冠词的情况：(1) 专有名词和( 第一次使用) 一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如： China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水) (2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在 1995 年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5) 三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)(7) 球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)How did you do it, Dad? How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years? It took me almost 20 years to have the（ 1 ）to even ask my father this very personal question. When Dad first （2 ）drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a （3） that, in the past, would have started him（ 4） again. For a few years we were （5） to bring it up for fear that the drinking would begin again.　　“I had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day,” was Dad’s （6） to my 18-year-old unasked question. “The words were a constant (经常的)（ 7 ）to me that things were（ 8 ）so hard that I could not deal with them,” Dad said. Then he（ 9 ）the poem with me. The poem’s （10）, yet profound (深刻的) words immediately became（ 11 ）of my daily routine as well.About a month after this（ 12） with my father, I received a gift in the mail from a friend of mine. It was a book of daily sayings of wisdom with one（13 ）for each day of the year.It has been my（14 ）that when you get something with days of the year on it, you naturally turn to the page that lists your own （15）.I（ 16） opened the book to November 10 to see（ 17） words of wisdom this book had in store for me. I was （18 ）when I looked at the page, and then tears of disbelief and appreciation（ 19） down my face. There, on my birthday, was the exact same poem that had （20） my father for all these years! It is called the Serenity (平静) Prayer:God, grant methe serenity to accept the things I cannot change;the courage to change the things I can;and the wisdom to know the difference.1. A. chance B. courage C. ability D. right2. A. gave up B. took up C. went on D. carried on3. A. way B. habit C. situation D. house4. A. reciting B. asking C. smoking D. drinking5. A. sure B. uncertain C. a