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1、启航英语辅导班辅导材料第 1 页 版权所有 不得复制【本讲教育信息】一、 教学内容:专题复习八 直接引语 间接引语 虚拟语气 倒装句二、知识总结与归纳(一)直接引语 间接引语直接引用别人所讲的话叫“直接引语(The Direct Speech) ”,通常放在引号内。用自己的话转述别人所讲的话叫“间接引语(The Indirect Speech) ”。间接引语在大多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语与间接引语之间可以相互转换,转换时通常要注意人称、句式、时态及状语等各方面的变化。1. 人称变化。直接引语转换为间接引语时,人称代词要根据说话人所处的立场而进行适当的改变。如:Uncle Li said:
2、 “I will pick you up after work this evening.” Uncle Li said he would pick me up after work that evening.2. 句式变化。前面讲过间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语转换为间接引语时,宾语从句的引导词可以分为几种情况。1) 直接宾语为陈述句时,转化为间接引语要用 that(有时可省略)来引导。如:Tom said, “My father got home from the park.” Tom said (that) his father had got home from the park.
3、2) 直接引语为疑问句时,转化时要注意将间接引语中的宾语从句部分改为陈述语序,同时引导宾语从句的连接词要视情况而定。A.直接引语为一般疑问句时,要用 whether/if 来引导,同时要注意如果原句的谓语为 say时要改为 ask。必要时还可加上一个间接宾语 (me, him, us 等),如: “Have you seen her somewhere?” Anderson said.Anderson asked(me) whether/if I had seen her somewhere.B.直接引语为特殊疑问句时,引导词为原句的特殊疑问词,如:“What are you doing?”
4、she shouted at me angrily. She asked me what I was doing angrily.C.直接引语是选择疑问句时,转化时间接引语的谓语动词可以选择 wonder, ask 等词,宾语从句由 whether.or(not).来引导。例如:My grandma said sadly, “Are you leaving today or tomorrow?”My grandma asked sadly whether I was leaving that day or the next day.3) 直接引语是祈使句时,转化时多使用一个不定式,谓语可根据语
5、气来定。如:用 ask sb. (not) to do 来表示“请求” ;用 tell / order sb. (not) to do 来表示“命令” ; 用 encourage sb. (not) to do 来表示“鼓励” ; 用 forbid / dont allow sb. to do 来表示“禁止;不许可” ; 用advise sb. (not) to do;或 suggest doing sth.来表示“建议” ;用 wish/ expect sb. (not) to do 来表示“希望” ; 用 let / have / make sb. do sth.或 get sb. (no
6、t) to do 来表示“使(让请)某人做某事” 。4) 感叹句一般不宜改为间接引语,因为这样不益于感情的表达。但偶尔也可改为间接引语,谓语可选择 exclaim/give an exclamation of, wish, remark 等词,如:启航英语辅导班辅导材料第 2 页 版权所有 不得复制“What a lovely garden!” he said. He remarked with admiration that it was such a lovely garden.3. 时态变化。直接引语转化为间接引语时,宾语从句中的谓语一般要转化成与直接引语相对应的过去的时态。当然,若直接
7、引语使用了过去完成时,转化时就不需要再作改变了。4. 状语等其他变化。直接引语改为间接引语时,除以上的人称变化、句式变化、时态变化外,还要注意状语等其他变化。主要有:1) 时间状语变化,如: nowthen;todaythat day;tonightthat night; yesterdaythe day before; last weekthe week before;tomorrow the next day 等;2) 地点状语变化,如:herethere 等;3) 指示代词变化,如:thisthat;thesethose 等;4) 谓语动词变化,如:comego 等。5. 其它需要注意的
8、地方。1) 直接引语如果是客观真理或客观事实时,变为间接引语时,时态不变。如:The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.2) 直接引语是一般过去时并且和具体时间状语连用时,改为间接引语时,时态一般不变。如:“The teaching-building was set up in 2004.” he said. He said that the teaching-building was set up in 2004.3) 如果在当地转述,
9、那么 here 不必改为 there,come 不必改为 go。如果在当天转述,yesterday,tomorrow 等时间状语也不必改变。如:“Come here at 8:00 tomorrow.” I said. I asked him to come here at 8:00 today, but he hasnt appeared until now.(二) 虚拟语气虚拟语气表示主观愿望、假设和建议等,所说的话与事实相反。说话的话于事实相反,其构成形式见下表:从句 主句与现在事实相反 v-ed would+v.与过去事实相反 had+v.-ed would have +v.-ed与将
10、来事实相反 Should/were to +v. would + v.清单一:虚拟语气在条件句中的用法包含条件从句的句子成为条件句。条件句有两类:真实条件句和虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句,谓语通常用陈述语气。如:If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there.You wont succeed unless you plan well.如果是纯粹的假设或者发生的可能性不大,则是虚拟条件句。1. 表示与现在事实相反或现在发生的可能性不大,谓语动词的主要形式条件从句 主句动词过去式(be 动词的过去式一般用were)would(should,
11、could, might)+动词原形We could ask him if he were here.If I knew his telephone number, I would ring him up.2. 表示于过去事实相反,谓语动词的主要形式条件从句 主句had +过去分词 would(should, could, might)+动词原形启航英语辅导班辅导材料第 3 页 版权所有 不得复制If she had seen you yesterday, she would have asked you about it.3. 表示与将来事实可能相反,谓语动词的主语形式如下条件从句 主句动词
12、过去式should+动词原形were to +动词原形would(should, could, might)+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.清单二:虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法动词 wish 后的宾语从句中,谓语动词的主要形式适用情况 宾语从句动词形式 例句现在 动词过去式(be 动词用 were) I wish I knew his telephone number.I wish I were a bird.过去 had+过去分词 He wishes he had known the answer at tha
13、t time.将来 would(should,could,might)+动词原形I wish that she could go with us tomorrow.2.在 would rather/ had rather/ prefer 等后面的宾语从句中谓语动词的主语形式适用情况 宾语从句形式 例句现在 过去时态 Id rather ( I prefer) you helped me.过去 过去时态 Id rather you came tomorrow.将来 过去完成时 Id rather you had come yesterday.3.在表示“要求、建议、命令” “赞许、气愤、惊奇、不
14、满”等感情色彩较强的词后的宾语从句中,动词常用 should+动词原形(被动语态用 should+be+p.p) ,should 常常被省略。这些动词、名词有:advise/ advice, idea, insist, request, order, require/ requirement, decide/ decision。形容词、分词有:important, necessary, unusual, demanded, hoped, ordered, suggested。如:My father suggested that we (should) do the job at once.Th
15、e suggestion that the sports meeting (should) be put off was rejected.清单三:虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法1. as if( though)引导的从句中,谓语动词的主要形式与 wish 后的宾语从句相同It seems as if it was (were) winter now.They talked as if (though) they had been good friends for years.2. 以 in order that, so that 引起的从句中,谓语动词的主要形式may(might)+动词原形ca
16、n(could)+动词原形should+动词原形Speak loudly so that we may( can) hear you.清单四:虚拟语气在口语、委婉语中的用法在口语中,为了使语气更加客气、委婉,人们常常使用 should(would, could, might)+动词原形 这个结构。如:I dont think he would be so careful.Would you mind my smoking here?(三)倒装句清单一:完全倒装1. 当句子的主语较长时,为了避免头重脚轻的感觉,通常把表语或状语放在句子的前面。如:At the head of the queue was an old woman.Before the thief stood John who was a detective and had arrested him twice.1. 由一些副词(如 here, there, now, then, up, down