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1、启航英语辅导班辅导材料第 1 页 版权所有 不得复制【本讲教育信息】一、 教学内容：专题复习八 直接引语 间接引语 虚拟语气 倒装句二、知识总结与归纳（一）直接引语 间接引语直接引用别人所讲的话叫“直接引语（The Direct Speech） ”，通常放在引号内。用自己的话转述别人所讲的话叫“间接引语（The Indirect Speech） ”。间接引语在大多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语与间接引语之间可以相互转换，转换时通常要注意人称、句式、时态及状语等各方面的变化。1. 人称变化。直接引语转换为间接引语时，人称代词要根据说话人所处的立场而进行适当的改变。如：Uncle Li said:
2、 “I will pick you up after work this evening.” Uncle Li said he would pick me up after work that evening.2. 句式变化。前面讲过间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语转换为间接引语时，宾语从句的引导词可以分为几种情况。1） 直接宾语为陈述句时，转化为间接引语要用 that（有时可省略）来引导。如：Tom said, “My father got home from the park.” Tom said (that) his father had got home from the park.
3、2） 直接引语为疑问句时，转化时要注意将间接引语中的宾语从句部分改为陈述语序，同时引导宾语从句的连接词要视情况而定。A.直接引语为一般疑问句时，要用 whether/if 来引导，同时要注意如果原句的谓语为 say时要改为 ask。必要时还可加上一个间接宾语 (me, him, us 等)，如： “Have you seen her somewhere?” Anderson said.Anderson asked(me) whether/if I had seen her somewhere.B.直接引语为特殊疑问句时，引导词为原句的特殊疑问词，如：“What are you doing?”
4、she shouted at me angrily. She asked me what I was doing angrily.C.直接引语是选择疑问句时，转化时间接引语的谓语动词可以选择 wonder, ask 等词，宾语从句由 whether.or(not).来引导。例如：My grandma said sadly, “Are you leaving today or tomorrow?”My grandma asked sadly whether I was leaving that day or the next day.3) 直接引语是祈使句时，转化时多使用一个不定式，谓语可根据语
5、气来定。如：用 ask sb. (not) to do 来表示“请求” ；用 tell / order sb. (not) to do 来表示“命令” ； 用 encourage sb. (not) to do 来表示“鼓励” ； 用 forbid / dont allow sb. to do 来表示“禁止；不许可” ； 用advise sb. (not) to do；或 suggest doing sth.来表示“建议” ；用 wish/ expect sb. (not) to do 来表示“希望” ； 用 let / have / make sb. do sth.或 get sb. (no
6、t) to do 来表示“使（让请）某人做某事” 。4) 感叹句一般不宜改为间接引语，因为这样不益于感情的表达。但偶尔也可改为间接引语，谓语可选择 exclaim/give an exclamation of, wish, remark 等词，如：启航英语辅导班辅导材料第 2 页 版权所有 不得复制“What a lovely garden!” he said. He remarked with admiration that it was such a lovely garden.3. 时态变化。直接引语转化为间接引语时，宾语从句中的谓语一般要转化成与直接引语相对应的过去的时态。当然，若直接
7、引语使用了过去完成时，转化时就不需要再作改变了。4. 状语等其他变化。直接引语改为间接引语时，除以上的人称变化、句式变化、时态变化外，还要注意状语等其他变化。主要有：1) 时间状语变化，如： nowthen；todaythat day；tonightthat night； yesterdaythe day before； last weekthe week before；tomorrow the next day 等；2) 地点状语变化，如：herethere 等；3) 指示代词变化，如：thisthat；thesethose 等；4) 谓语动词变化，如：comego 等。5. 其它需要注意的
8、地方。1) 直接引语如果是客观真理或客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.2) 直接引语是一般过去时并且和具体时间状语连用时，改为间接引语时，时态一般不变。如：“The teaching-building was set up in 2004.” he said. He said that the teaching-building was set up in 2004.3) 如果在当地转述，
9、那么 here 不必改为 there，come 不必改为 go。如果在当天转述，yesterday，tomorrow 等时间状语也不必改变。如：“Come here at 8:00 tomorrow.” I said. I asked him to come here at 8:00 today, but he hasnt appeared until now.(二) 虚拟语气虚拟语气表示主观愿望、假设和建议等，所说的话与事实相反。说话的话于事实相反，其构成形式见下表：从句 主句与现在事实相反 v-ed would+v.与过去事实相反 had+v.-ed would have +v.-ed与将
10、来事实相反 Should/were to +v. would + v.清单一：虚拟语气在条件句中的用法包含条件从句的句子成为条件句。条件句有两类：真实条件句和虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句，谓语通常用陈述语气。如：If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there.You wont succeed unless you plan well.如果是纯粹的假设或者发生的可能性不大，则是虚拟条件句。1. 表示与现在事实相反或现在发生的可能性不大，谓语动词的主要形式条件从句 主句动词过去式（be 动词的过去式一般用were）would(should,
11、could, might)+动词原形We could ask him if he were here.If I knew his telephone number, I would ring him up.2. 表示于过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式条件从句 主句had +过去分词 would(should, could, might)+动词原形启航英语辅导班辅导材料第 3 页 版权所有 不得复制If she had seen you yesterday, she would have asked you about it.3. 表示与将来事实可能相反，谓语动词的主语形式如下条件从句 主句动词
12、过去式should+动词原形were to +动词原形would(should, could, might)+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.清单二：虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法动词 wish 后的宾语从句中，谓语动词的主要形式适用情况 宾语从句动词形式 例句现在 动词过去式（be 动词用 were） I wish I knew his telephone number.I wish I were a bird.过去 had+过去分词 He wishes he had known the answer at tha
13、t time.将来 would(should,could,might)+动词原形I wish that she could go with us tomorrow.2.在 would rather/ had rather/ prefer 等后面的宾语从句中谓语动词的主语形式适用情况 宾语从句形式 例句现在 过去时态 Id rather ( I prefer) you helped me.过去 过去时态 Id rather you came tomorrow.将来 过去完成时 Id rather you had come yesterday.3.在表示“要求、建议、命令” “赞许、气愤、惊奇、不
14、满”等感情色彩较强的词后的宾语从句中，动词常用 should+动词原形（被动语态用 should+be+p.p） ，should 常常被省略。这些动词、名词有：advise/ advice, idea, insist, request, order, require/ requirement, decide/ decision。形容词、分词有：important, necessary, unusual, demanded, hoped, ordered, suggested。如：My father suggested that we (should) do the job at once.Th
15、e suggestion that the sports meeting (should) be put off was rejected.清单三：虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法1. as if( though)引导的从句中，谓语动词的主要形式与 wish 后的宾语从句相同It seems as if it was (were) winter now.They talked as if (though) they had been good friends for years.2. 以 in order that, so that 引起的从句中，谓语动词的主要形式may(might)+动词原形ca
16、n(could)+动词原形should+动词原形Speak loudly so that we may( can) hear you.清单四：虚拟语气在口语、委婉语中的用法在口语中，为了使语气更加客气、委婉，人们常常使用 should(would, could, might)+动词原形 这个结构。如：I dont think he would be so careful.Would you mind my smoking here?(三)倒装句清单一:完全倒装1. 当句子的主语较长时，为了避免头重脚轻的感觉，通常把表语或状语放在句子的前面。如：At the head of the queue was an old woman.Before the thief stood John who was a detective and had arrested him twice.1. 由一些副词（如 here, there, now, then, up, down
