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1、形容词和副词 形容词 一.形容词的定义: 形容词表示人或事物的性质, 特征或状态, 修饰名词或不定代词 二.形容词在句中的作用: 作定语/作表语/作补语/作主语或宾语: the+adj 表示某一类人或事物 /作状语 三.关于形容词的作用要注意的问题: 1.有些形容词只能作表语和补语, 不能象普通形容词那样作前置定语, 这样的形容词称为表语形容词, 如: alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth 等词; 表语形容词作定语时需后置 2.有些形容词只能作定语, 不能作表语, 这样的形容词称为
2、定语形容词 , 如: golden, wooden, silken, live(活的), elder(年长的), former 前任的, latter 后者, front 前面的, back 后面的, outer 外部的 四.形容词在句中的位置: 1.单个形容词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之前; 两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时 , 同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况: .和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词 a. It is a touching English film. .音节少的形容词在前, 音节多的形容词在后 a. I have a small but
3、beautiful room. 不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时, 按以下顺序进行排列: 数 词 性 状 形 容 词 冠词前的形容词 冠词，物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,所有格 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 数量 大小 长短 形状 新旧 温度 长幼 颜色 国籍 材料 来源 用途 all, both, such 等 the, a, this, that another, your 等 first, second, next 等 one, five 等 kind, good, sick 等 large, long, round 等 old cool 等 red, blue 等 Chinese E
4、nglish 等 iron, stone 等 2.单个形容词作定语时, 在下列情况之下, 形容词应放在被修饰的词之后 .形容词修饰不定代词 something, nothing, anything 等时应后置 a. Is there anything important in the article? b. There is something difficult in the lesson. c. There is nothing wrong in your homework. .形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置 a. The building is seventeen storeys hig
5、h. b. He is ten years old. c. The street is five hundred meters long. .用 and / or 连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后, 起强调修饰语的作用 a. We will turn our motherland into a country, strong and modern. b. Every nation, big or small, has its rights. c. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country
6、. .有些过去分词形容词作定语时应后置, 如: given, left, won, missed 等 a. None of the answers given (被给的答案) were correct. .表语形容词作定语时需后置, 如: alive, present, possible 等 a. He is the greatest writer alive. b. He was the only person awake at the moment. 3.形容词短语作定语时, 需要后置 a. He is a worker worthy of praise. b. This is a pro
7、blem difficult to solve. c. She is always ready to help others. 五.特殊的形容词: 有些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词 , 而不是副词, 这样的词如: friendly 友好的, lovely 可爱的, weekly 每周的 , orderly 有秩序的, brotherly 兄弟般的, lively 活泼的, lonely 孤独的, likely 可能的, deadly 致命的 副 词 一.副词的种类: 1.一般副词主要分为以下几种: .时间副词, 如: often, always, early, now .地点副词, 如: her
8、e, there, above, outside .方式副词, 如: hard, well, badly, fast, slowly .程度副词, 如: very, quite, much, still, almost 2.疑问副词( 放在特殊疑问句的句首 ), 如: how, when, where, why 3.关系副词( 放在定语从句句首), 如: when, where, why 4.连接副词( 放在名词从句句首), 如: how, when, where, why, whether 二.副词在句中的作用: 副词修饰动词, 形容词, 名词, 副词或全句, 在句中的作用如下 1.作状语:
9、 a. You should always review your lessons. b. The visitors are warmly welcomed by the students. c. Certainly we should try out best to improve our work. 2.作表语: a. He is abroad. b. The class is over. c. The football match is on. 3.作定语: 副词作定语时置于被修饰词之后 a. This is her first day up. b. The comrades here
10、give us a lot of help. 4.作补语( 包括宾语补足语和主语补足语 ): a. I found all the lights on when I got home last night. 三.副词在句中的位置: 1.时间副词和地点副词的位置: .表示确定时间的副词和表示地点的副词一般放在句尾. 若句中同时有地点副词和时间副词, 地点副词通常在前, 时间副词在后 a. They went to the Summer Palace yesterday. b. We often goes there. c. I will go there tomorrow. .表示不确定时间的副
11、词(如: always, usually, often, never, ever, seldom, sometimes, rarely, generally, frequently)的位置 : 句子谓语是 be 时, 位于其后; 句子谓语是单个完全动词时, 位于其前; 句子谓语由不完全动词与完全动词一起组成时, 位于第一个不完全动词之后. a. She always helps her mother with the housework. b. The old man seldom goes out. c. He is always the first to come to class. d.
12、 They have already done their homework. 2.程度副词除 enough 之外, 一般放在被修饰词之前 a. The student is very careful with his work. b. He swims quite well. c. The boy is old enough to go to school. 3.方式副词的位置: .修饰不及物动词的方式副词要放在被修饰词之后 a. His sister sings well. b. The baby is sleeping soundly. .修饰及物动词的方式副词可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之
13、后; 如果宾语较长, 也可放在动词和宾语之间 a. He speaks French fluently. b. All this morning Liu Ying has been writing carefully some English letters to her teachers. 4.及物动词和副词小品词(down, on, off, in, out, up)组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时 , 该名词可放在副词之后或副词之前; 若有代词作宾语时, 则代词一定放在副词之前 a. He cut down the tree. =He cut the tree down. b. He cut
14、 it down. 5.修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后 a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat. 6.修饰全句的副词通常放在句首 a. Truly he is an honest man. b. Still, in spite of what you say, I dont think it is true. 7.作状语时,各类副词的排列顺序一般为: 方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词 a. He behaved well here yesterday. 形容词和副词的比较等级 一.原级: 1.原级的形式: 即原形 2.原级的用法: .表
15、示被比较双方在某一方面相等或相同时, 用 as + adj / adv + as 结构, 表示“和一样” a. Xiao Li is as tall as his sister. b. It is as cold today as it was yesterday. c. There are as many seats in this hall as in that hall. .表示被比较双方在某一方面不相等或不同时, 用 not as / so + adj / adv + as, 表示“和不一样” a. Xiao Li is not as / so tall as his brother.
16、 b. It is not so / as cold today as yesterday. c. There are not so / as many seats in this hall as in that hall. 二.比较级和最高级: 1.比较级和最高级的形式: .规则变化: a.在单音节形容词后及少数以-er, -ow, -ble, -ple 结尾的双音节形容词和少数副词原级后, 加-er, -est 或 -r, -st, 如: strong, young, clever, able, simple, narrow, hard, fast, slow 等 b.在以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词和少数副词原级后, 加-r, -st, 如: brave, wide 等 c.形容词以发短元音的元音字母+辅音字母结尾时, 双写辅音字母, 再加-er, -est,如: big, hot, thin 等 d.辅音字母+y 结尾的单音节及双音节形容词和少数副词( 由形容词+ly 构成的副词除外),
