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1、外研版选择性必修第四册全册重点语法汇总Unit 1 Looking forwards- 1 -Unit 2 Lessons in life- 4 -Unit 3 The world meets China- 7 -Unit 4 Everyday economics- 10 -Unit 5 Into the unknown- 14 -Unit 6 Space and beyond- 16 -Unit 1 Looking forwards动词时态根据新课标的要求，高中阶段需要掌握的10种时态是：一般过去时、过去将来时、一般现在时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时、将来进行时、过去完成时、现在完成
2、时、现在完成进行时。一、一般过去时、过去将来时、一般现在时、一般将来时观察例句1She told us yesterday that she would not go with us if it rained.2He will be twenty next month.3We have meals three times a day.4The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.归纳用法1一般过去时：(1)表示过去某时间的动作或状态；(2)在时间及条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。2过去将来时：表示从过去某时间看，将要发生的事情。3一般现在时：(1
3、)表示经常性或习惯性的动作、现在的特征或状态、客观事实及普遍真理等；(2)在时间及条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。4一般将来时：(1)表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态；(2)其表现形式(以do为例)及一般用法为：will/shall do(表示客观上将要发生的动作等)；be going to do(表示打算去做的事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事)；be to do(表示按计划或安排即将要做的事或按照职责、义务、规定、命令等应该做某事)；be about to do(表示即将要发生的动作)。另外，go、 leave等动词的现在进行时形式也可表示按计划或安排即将要做的事
4、。名师点津be about to do不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when(and at that time)引出的分句连用。二、过去进行时、现在进行时、将来进行时观察例句1Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.2They are having a meeting now.3Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?I am sorry，by then I will be flying to Beijing.How about five?4He
5、is always helping others.归纳用法1过去进行时：(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有：at this/that time过去时间；at.oclock 过去时间； from.to.过去时间；those days；just now等；(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用；(3)一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，多用于从句中。2现在进行时：表示现在(说话人说话时)正在进行的动作或存在的状态，或现阶段一直进行着的动作，常与now；rig
6、ht now；at present；these days；at this moment等时间状语连用。3将来进行时： 表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow；(by)then；from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow等时间状语连用。名师点津现在进行时及过去进行时常与always，constantly，continually，all the time等状语连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，或强调赞赏、厌恶、生气、好奇等感情色彩，不强调动作
7、正在进行。三、过去完成时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时观察例句1He has received 3 letters so far.2We had already learned 3，500 words by the end of last term.3I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.4I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.5This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.归纳用法1过去完成时：(1)表示过去某一时间或动作前
8、已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)；(2)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间，常用的时间状语有by/until/before/by the end of“表示过去的某一时间”；(3)表示愿望、打算的词，如：hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图；(4)在“It was/had been一段时间since从句”句型中，since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。2现在完成时：(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有：lately; recently；
9、in the last/past few days/years；since then; up to now；so far等；(2)表示过去已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的时间状语有：already; just(刚刚); yet; before等；(3)在“最高级名词”或“It/This isthe first/second.time”之后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。3现在完成进行时： 现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合，表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作或表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直
10、反复进行的动作，它既具备现在完成时的特征，又具备现在进行时的特征，如：它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。Unit 2 Lessons in life被动语态被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。观察例句1My washing machine is being repaired this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.2I was sent to the village last month to see how th
11、e development plan had been carried out in the past two years.3When fat and salt are removed from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.4The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.5Steam engines were used to pull the c
12、arriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.归纳用法一、被动语态的构成：be 过去分词各种时态的被动语态形式(以do 为例)现在过去将来过去将来一般式am/is/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/shouldbe done进行式am/is/are being donewas/werebeing done完成式have/has been doneHad been donewill/shall
13、have been donewould/should have been done二、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题1主动变为被动时，宾语成了主语 ，(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)2主动变为被动时，可将双宾语中的任何一个作为主语。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my fri
14、end)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book(by my friend)on my birthday.3短语动词变被动语态时，不要掉“尾巴”(即不要丢掉后面的介词或副词)。The children were taken good care of(by her)Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.4情态动词，be going to，be to，be sure to，have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be过去分词”。We can
15、 repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.5当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等时，被动语态有两种形式：(1)谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主语补足语。(2)用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。People say he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.特别提醒1不能用被动语态的几种情况(1)表示状态
