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1、考点21 关系代词引导的定语从句考向一常见关系代词的基本用法1. that可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。2. which指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）3. who, whom, whose（1）who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，只可指人（2）whom: 宾格，在从句中只能作宾语; 只可指人（3）whose: 表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：
2、某人的，某物的（4）whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)注意： 关系代词作介词宾语 (在定语从句中，介词提前时，介词后：表人用 whom；表物用 which) 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末。） 4. asas 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语（1）如为限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same a
3、s(与相同)；such as （如此，这样）; as many/much as（和一样多）；so/as as（与一样）等结构中。如：（2）如为非限制性的，as还可以单独引导一个定语从句，代替整个主句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . (as 作宾语)众所周知，吸烟有害健康。1.（2019新课标III卷语法填空）They were well trained by their masters _6
4、4_ had great experience with caring for these animals.【参考答案】who【答案解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。2. (2018新课标卷I语法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk
5、 of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.【参考答案】that/which【答案解析】that或which 考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。3. (2017新课标卷III短文改错)Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.【参考答案】 theythat/which 【
6、答案解析】考查定语从句。they不能引导定语从句，因为指代things，所以把they改为that或者which。4.(2017北京卷单项填空）The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.A. that B. as C. where D. when 【参考答案】A【答案解析】考查定语从句。先行词是 the little problems, 在从句中作 meet的宾语，故选关系代词that。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题有可能会成为伟大发明的灵感。5.A
7、mong the many dangers_ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A. which B. what C. where D. when 【参考答案】A【答案解析】分析句子结构可知，_sailors have to face 是定语从句，修饰先行词the many dangers，且从句缺少宾语，要用关系代词。 因此A选项正确。句意为 在水手不得不面对的许多危险中，可能最大的是雾霾。考向二that、 which只能用其中一个的情况1. 只能用that，不能用which的情况（1）先行词是all，some
8、thing，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which.如：The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我
9、读的第一本英文小说是城市。This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。（3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只用that， 不用which.如：The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取
10、得的成就。The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常只用that， 不用which.如：He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。Our school is no longer the school that it used to
11、be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如： Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？2. 只用which，不能用that的情况（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.如：The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。This is the reference book of which the teacher
12、 is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如： This is the question which/that weve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。（2） 先行词为“those表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如：Students should keep in mind
13、 those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。（3）当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。1.（2017新课标卷I语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70
14、is not good for the health.【参考答案】 which【答案解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。2.（2017新课标卷II短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.【参考答案】 which【答案解析】非限制
15、性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。题组一 基础过关I.单句语法填空1.Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.2.Care of the soul is a gradual process in _ even the small details of life should be considered.3.That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.4.Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths.5.Mo Yan was awarded
