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1、考点08 构词法许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律，这种规律被称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。英语中的构词法主要有派生法（Derivation）、合成法（Composition）和转换法（Conversion）三大类。构词法一 派生法在一个词的词根（root）前面或后面加上某个词缀（affix）来产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法（derivation）或词缀法（affixation）。加在前面的词缀叫前缀（prefix），加在后面的词缀叫后缀（suffix）。一般情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，不改变词根的词性；而后缀往往改变词根的词性，有些也涉及意
2、义的变化。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义，因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的意思推知。1.形容词变副词的后缀在形容词后加ly可变成相应意义的副词直接加ly extreme extremely尤其，非常stupid stupidly 傻地 改y为ilyhappy happily快乐地merry merrily 快乐地去e加lytrue真的 truly真地2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshort shortage不足；短缺cyefficient efficiency效率；功效accurate accuracy准确性domfree freedom自由；自主wise wisdom明智；智慧
3、encedifferent difference差异silent silence沉默nessweak weakness虚弱；弱点careless carelessness粗心大意thstrong strength力气；强项wide width宽ytyitydisable disability无能；残疾responsible responsibility责任3.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词alapprove approval赞成；批准arrive arrival到来anceappear appearance出现；外貌perform performance表演；节目enceexist existenc
4、e存在；生存refer reference参考；查阅ionconstruct construction建设evaluate evaluation评估ationconsider consideration考虑imagine imagination想象力(s)siondiscuss discussion讨论；辩论admit admission接纳；准许入学inghear hearing听力；听觉begin beginning开始mentargue argument辩论；论据equip equipment设备urefail failure失败；没做到press pressure压力turemix m
5、ixture混合；混合物depart departure离开；出发yrecover recovery恢复；痊愈discover discovery发现其他vary variety多样化；种类tend tendency趋向；趋势4.表示人的后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示人的后缀有：后缀例词ervillage villager村民strange stranger陌生人arlie liar说谎者eeemploy employee受雇者；雇员interview interviewee被面试者orinvent inventor发明家educate educa
6、tor教育家；教师esssteward stewardess 女乘务员host hostess 女主人；女主持人eseChina Chinese中国人Japan Japanese日本人anAmerica American美国人Australia Australian澳洲人ianhistory historian历史学家politics politician政治家；政客istspecial specialist专家tour tourist旅行者；观光者antparticipate participant参加者assist assistant助手；图书管理员5.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例词
7、ableaccept acceptable可接受的comfort comfortable舒适的alperson personal个人的；私人的nature natural自然的；天生的fulhope hopeful有希望的peace peaceful和平的edconfuse confused感到困惑的bore bored感到厌倦的ingsurprise surprising令人惊讶的convince convincing令人信服的ibleaccess accessible容易到达的；容易取得的horror horrible可怕的；恐怖的iveeffect effective有效的；生效的ins
8、truct instructive有教育意义的ousanxiety anxious忧虑的curiosity curious好奇的sometire tiresome令人厌倦的trouble troublesome麻烦的ytaste tasty美味的；可口的wealth wealthy富裕的；丰富的dirt dirty有灰尘的；脏的erneast eastern东方的；向东的west western西方的；向西的ishfool foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self selfish自私的icscience scientific科学的history historic历史上著名的aryimagine i
9、maginary想象中的6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前缀例词disadvantage disadvantage缺点comfort discomfort不舒适illegal illegal不合法的logical illogical不合逻辑的impatient impatient不耐烦的moral immoral不道德的informal informal非正式的convenient inconvenient不方便的irregular irregular不规则的responsible irresponsible不负责任的mislead mislead误导understand misunders
10、tand误解unwilling unwilling不愿意的happy unhappy不高兴的后缀例词lesshope hopeless绝望的care careless粗心的7.变动词的前缀和后缀前缀例词enlarge enlarge扩大rich enrich使充实；使丰富后缀例词enbroad broaden使变宽hard harden使变硬ifyclass classify把分类beauty beautify美化izeapology apologize道歉emphasis emphasize强调1. (2019年新课标卷I语法填空) Scientists have responded by
11、noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are _68_ (high) than they actually are. 【答案】higher【解析】根据其后than they actually are可知，此处为形容词的比较级，故填higher。2. (2019年新课标卷I语法填空) It is difficult to figure out a global population
12、of polar bears as much of the range has been _62_ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.【答案】poorly【解析】根据句意和结构分析可知，此处用副词poorly修饰谓语动词has been studied，意为“研究很少”。故填poorly。3. (2018年新课标卷I语法填空) According to a review of evidence in a medical jo
13、urnal, runners live three years _61_(long) than non-runners.【答案】longer【解析】句意：医学报告显示：经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活3年。根据than可知用比较级，故填longer。4.(2018年新课标卷I语法填空)The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise, its probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to_68_
14、(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and its always_69_(energy).【答案】68. strengthen 69. energetic【解析】68. 考查词形转化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。此处to是不定式符合，其后用动词原形。故填strengthen。69. 考查词形转化。跑步总是让人充满活力的。根据its可知，系动词后用形容词作表语。故填energetic。5. (2018年新课标卷II语法填空)A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind th
