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1、The Theory of the Firm,The Theory of the Firm,Production Function,Production Function,States the relationship between inputs and outputs. Inputs the factors of production classified as: Land all natural resources of the earth not just terra firma! Price paid to acquire land = Rent Labour all physica
2、l and mental human effort involved in production. Price paid to labour = Wages Capital buildings, machinery and equipment not used for its own sake but for the contribution it makes to production. Price paid for capital = Interest,Production Function,Inputs,Process,Output,Land,Labour,Capital,Product
3、 or service generated value added,Analysis of Production Function:Short Run,In the short run at least one factor fixed in supply but all other factors capable of being changed. Reflects ways in which firms respond to changes in output (demand). Can increase or decrease output using more or less of s
4、ome factors but some likely to be easier to change than others. Increase in total capacity only possible in the long run,Analysis of Production Function:Short Run,In times of rising sales (demand) firms can increase labour and capital but only up to a certain level they will be limited by the amount
5、 of space. In this example, land is the fixed factor which cannot be altered in the short run.,Analysis of Production Function:Short Run,If demand slows down, the firm can reduce its variable factors in this example it reduces its labour and capital but again, land is the factor which stays fixed.,A
6、nalysis of Production Function:Short Run,If demand slows down, the firm can reduce its variable factors in this example, it reduces its labour and capital but again, land is the factor which stays fixed.,Analysing the Production Function: Long Run,The long run is defined as the period of time taken
7、to vary all factors of production. By doing this, the firm is able to increase its total capacity not just short term capacity Associated with a change in the scale of production The period of time varies according to the firm and the industry. In electricity supply, the time taken to build new capa
8、city could be many years; for a market stall holder, the long run could be as little as a few weeks or months!,Analysis of Production Function:Long Run,In the long run, the firm can change all its factors of production thus increasing its total capacity. In this example it has doubled its capacity.,
9、Production Function,Mathematical representation of the relationship: Q = f (K, L, La) Output (Q) is dependent upon the amount of capital (K), Land (L) and Labour (La) used.,Costs,Costs,In buying factor inputs, the firm will incur costs Costs are Classified as: Fixed costs costs that are not related
10、directly to production rent, rates, insurance costs, admin costs. They can change but not in relation to output. Variable Costs costs directly related to variations in output. Raw materials primarily.,Costs,Total Cost - the sum of all costs incurred in production TC = FC + VC Average Cost the cost p
11、er unit of output AC = TC/Output Marginal Cost the cost of one more or one fewer units of production MC = TCn TCn-1 units,Costs,Short run Diminishing marginal returns results from adding successive quantities of variable factors to a fixed factor Long run Increases in capacity can lead to increasing
12、, decreasing or constant returns to scale,Revenue,Revenue,Total revenue the total amount received from selling a given output TR = P x Q Average Revenue the average amount received from selling each unit AR = TR / Q Marginal revenue the amount received from selling one extra unit of output MR = TRn
13、TR n-1 units,Profit,Profit,Profit = TR TC The reward for enterprise Profits help in the process of directing resources to alternative uses in free markets Relating price to costs helps a firm to assess profitability in production,Profit,Normal Profit the minimum amount required to keep a firm in its
14、 current line of production Abnormal or Supernormal profit profit made over and above normal profit Abnormal profit may exist in situations where firms have market power Abnormal profits may indicate the existence of welfare losses Could be taxed away without altering resource allocation,Profit,Sub-
15、normal Profit profit below normal profit Firms may not exit the market even if sub-normal profits made if they are able to cover variable costs Cost of exit may be high Sub-normal profit may be temporary (or perceived as such!),Profit,Assumption that firms aim to maximise profit May not always hold
16、true - there are other objectives Profit maximising output would be where MC = MR,Profit,Why?,Cost/Revenue,Output,MR,MR the addition to total revenue as a result of producing one more unit of output the price received from selling that extra unit.,MC,MC The cost of producing ONE extra unit of production,100,Assume output is at 100 units. The MC of producing the 100th unit is 20. The MR received from selling that 100th unit is 150. The firm can add the difference of the cost and the revenue recei
