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1、衔接性基础语法1 / 6Different parts of a sentence 句子成分概念: 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语） 、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语）;表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分;定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类1主语: 大多数主语都在句首。讲述“ 谁” We work in a big factory. 讲述“ 什么” The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough.
2、 三个人就够了不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. “There be ”句型，主语的位置在中间。There are some bottles of milk in the box. 个别句型，主语在整个句子后面，前面用 it 作形式主语。如：It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”.It took two workers about three
3、 months to build the house.2谓语: 说明主语“ 做什么 ”、 “是什么”或“ 怎么样”; 必须是动词;谓语和主语在“人称” 和 “数”方面必须一致。He is very generous. She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job. 衔接性基础语法2 / 63表语: 说明主语 “是什么”或“ 怎么样”; 位置在系动词后面。(1) 形容词作表语 You look younger than before.(2) 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. (3) 副词作表语 Everyon
4、e is here.(4) 介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre.(5) 不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English.(6) 动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.(7) 从句作表语 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.4宾语: 动作、行为的对象; 和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么; 通常放在谓语动词后面。(1) 名词作宾语 He often does his homework after school.(2) 代词做宾语 He often he
5、lps me.(3) 不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air.(4) 动名词作宾语 The Americans enjoyed living in China.(5) 从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work in time.双宾语。直接宾语和间接宾语：及物动词作谓语，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象; 间接宾语表明动作是对谁做的，只能用名词或代词来充当。We brought them some food. 间接宾语可放在直接宾语后面，必须加 to 或 for主 谓 间宾
6、 直宾 He gave me a book; He gave a book to me.5宾语的补足语衔接性基础语法3 / 6有些句子只有宾语不能表达完整的意思，须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语。“宾语宾语补足语” 合起来称为 复合宾语。(1) 名词作宾补 If you let me go, Ill make you .(2) 形容词作宾补 Dont make your hands .(3) 副词作宾补 We found Li Ming when we arrived.(4) 介词短语作宾补 Make yourself .(5) 省略 to 的不定式作宾补 I saw a girl .(6) 带
7、to 的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog .(7) 现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them .(8) 过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg .常见的“宾语宾语补足语” 的结构：“宾语 +名词” 。常用动词：call, name, make, find, think, leave 等。We call him .They made Li Lei .“宾语 +形容词”: think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep 等。如：Do you think his idea ?We must keep
8、our classroom .We cant leave him .Can you get everything for the party before Friday?“宾语 +副词”: 表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere 等。如：Let him . (He is out)衔接性基础语法4 / 6Mr. Li drove us . (We are home)When got there, we found him . (He is out)“宾语 +介词短语”: 表示逻辑主语（即
9、宾语）的状态，两者有主表的关系。We found everything . ( Everything is in good order.)We regard him . (He is our good friend.)He opened the door and found some of his friends .“宾语 +不定式” A: 带 to 的不定式 : The cool water of the lake invited us . B: 不带 to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch 等The boss made the workers .I ofte
10、n hear him .C: help 后可加 to 或不加 toShe sometimes helps her mother .“宾语 +现在分词”: 该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，主谓关系。I saw them . They are playing on the playground.I heard Mary . Mary is singing in the classroom.“宾语 +过去分词” 。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。I had my bike stolen. (My bike was stolen.)The teacher explained
11、again and again to make himself understood.(He was understood.) 形式宾语形容词We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句 Call me .Mr. Li has made the factory .衔接性基础语法5 / 6The mountain village is different from .6定语: 修饰名词或代词。(1) 形容词作定语 The (black) bike is mine.(2) 代词作定语 Whats (your) name
12、?(3) 名词作定语 They made some (paper) flowers.(4) 介词短语作定语 The boys (in the room) are in Class Three, Grade One.(5) 不定式短语 I have lots (to eat and drink).(6) 从句作定语 The tall boy (who is standing there) is Peter.不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的放在被修饰词的后面，称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, s
13、omebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如：If you dont know the answer, ask someone else.Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如：Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends.I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.动词的不定式作定语时要后置Wh
14、at about something to drink?*动词不定式作定语， to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语， 与动词搭配的介词或副词不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to?衔接性基础语法6 / 6nearby, below, downstairs 等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They to
15、ok the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7状语：修饰动词、形容词或副词；表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、条件、程度等；副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当；一般放在句末，有时可以放在句首、句中He did it carefullyThey missed me very much.Without his help, we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.When I was young, I could swim well.
