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1、精品文档_卫生类-相同项单选集1、LivingStandardsThedifferencesinlivingstandardsaroundtheworldarevast.In1993,theaverageAmericanhadanincomeofabout$25,000.Inthesameyear,theaverageMexicanearned$7,000,andtheaverageNigerianearned$1,500.Notsurprisingly,thislargevariationinaverageincomeisreflectedinvariousmeasuresofthequal
2、ityoflife.Changesinlivingstandardsovertimearealsolarge.IntheUnitedStates,incomeshavehistoricallygrownabout2percentperyear(afteradjustingforchangesinthecostofliving).Atthisrate,averageincomedoublesevery35years.Insomecountries,economicgrowthhasbeenevenmorerapid.InJapan,forinstance,averageincomehasdoub
3、ledinthepast20years,andinSouthKoreaithasdoubledinthepast10years.WhatexplainstheselargedifferencesinlivingstandardsamongcountriesandovertimeTheanswerissurprisinglysimple.Almostallvariationinlivingstandardsisattributabletodifferencesincountriesproductivity-thatis,theamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfro
4、meachhourofaworkerstime.Innationswhereworkerscanproducealargequantityofgoodsandservicesperunitoftime,mostpeopleenjoyahighstandardofliving;innationswhereworkersarelessproductive,mostpeoplemustendureamoremeagerexistence.Similarly,thegrowthrateofanationsproductivitydeterminesthegrowthrateofitsaveragein
5、come.Thefundamentalrelationshipbetweenproductivityandlivingstandardsissimple,butitsimplicationsarefar-reaching.Ifproductivityistheprimarydeterminantoflivingstandards,otherexplanationsmustbeofsecondaryimportance.Forexample,peoplemightthinkthatlaborunionsorminimum-wagelawscontributedtotheriseinlivings
6、tandardsofAmericanworkersoverthepastcentury.YettherealheroofAmericanworkersistheirrisingproductivity.Therelationshipbetweenproductivityandlivingstandardsalsohasgreatimplicationsforpublicpolicy.Whenthinkingabouthowanypolicywillaffectlivingstandards,thekeyquestionishowitwillaffectourabilitytoproducego
7、odsandservices.Toimprovelivingstandards,policymakersneedtoraiseproductivitybyensuringthatworkersarewelleducated,havethetoolsneededtoproducegoodsandservices,andhaveaccesstothebestavailabletechnology.WhichofthefollowingcountrieshasenjoyedthefastesteconomicgrowthinhistoryA.Mexico.B.TheUnitedStates.C.Ja
8、pan.D.SouthKorea.2、LivingStandardsThedifferencesinlivingstandardsaroundtheworldarevast.In1993,theaverageAmericanhadanincomeofabout$25,000.Inthesameyear,theaverageMexicanearned$7,000,andtheaverageNigerianearned$1,500.Notsurprisingly,thislargevariationinaverageincomeisreflectedinvariousmeasuresofthequ
9、alityoflife.Changesinlivingstandardsovertimearealsolarge.IntheUnitedStates,incomeshavehistoricallygrownabout2percentperyear(afteradjustingforchangesinthecostofliving).Atthisrate,averageincomedoublesevery35years.Insomecountries,economicgrowthhasbeenevenmorerapid.InJapan,forinstance,averageincomehasdo
10、ubledinthepast20years,andinSouthKoreaithasdoubledinthepast10years.WhatexplainstheselargedifferencesinlivingstandardsamongcountriesandovertimeTheanswerissurprisinglysimple.Almostallvariationinlivingstandardsisattributabletodifferencesincountriesproductivity-thatis,theamountofgoodsandservicesproducedf
11、romeachhourofaworkerstime.Innationswhereworkerscanproducealargequantityofgoodsandservicesperunitoftime,mostpeopleenjoyahighstandardofliving;innationswhereworkersarelessproductive,mostpeoplemustendureamoremeagerexistence.Similarly,thegrowthrateofanationsproductivitydeterminesthegrowthrateofitsaverage
12、income.Thefundamentalrelationshipbetweenproductivityandlivingstandardsissimple,butitsimplicationsarefar-reaching.Ifproductivityistheprimarydeterminantoflivingstandards,otherexplanationsmustbeofsecondaryimportance.Forexample,peoplemightthinkthatlaborunionsorminimum-wagelawscontributedtotheriseinlivin
13、gstandardsofAmericanworkersoverthepastcentury.YettherealheroofAmericanworkersistheirrisingproductivity.Therelationshipbetweenproductivityandlivingstandardsalsohasgreatimplicationsforpublicpolicy.Whenthinkingabouthowanypolicywillaffectlivingstandards,thekeyquestionishowitwillaffectourabilitytoproduce
14、goodsandservices.Toimprovelivingstandards,policymakersneedtoraiseproductivitybyensuringthatworkersarewelleducated,havethetoolsneededtoproducegoodsandservices,andhaveaccesstothebestavailabletechnology.Theword”meager”inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto_.A.modestB.poorC.meaninglessD.plentiful3、Liv
15、ingStandardsThedifferencesinlivingstandardsaroundtheworldarevast.In1993,theaverageAmericanhadanincomeofabout$25,000.Inthesameyear,theaverageMexicanearned$7,000,andtheaverageNigerianearned$1,500.Notsurprisingly,thislargevariationinaverageincomeisreflectedinvariousmeasuresofthequalityoflife.Changesinlivingstandardsovertimearealsolarge.IntheUnitedStates,incomeshavehistoricallygrownabout2percentperyear(afteradjustingforchangesinthecostofliving).Atthisrate,averageincomedoublesevery35years.Insomecountries,economicgrowthhasbeenevenmorerapid.InJapan,forinstance,
