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1、英语高中语法-被动语态解析笔记一、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。汉语用“被、是、由、受、给”等表示被动意义。二、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤： 将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语.如主动句的宾语是代词,需变为主格。将动词改为“be+过去分词”, 且与被动语态的主语保持人称和数的一致。将主动语态的主语置于介词 by之后,如无必需,则省略。请对比下面的主动句和被动句：主动语态：They(主语)grow (谓语)tea(宾语)in the southeast of China.被动语态：Tea(主语)is grown (谓语)by themi
2、n the southeast of China.四、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 在这个句型中,谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时,一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语,但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语：He gave her some money.他给她一些钱。 She was given some money.=Some money was given to her.He bought her a watch.他给她买了一快表。She was bought a watch.=A watch was bought for her. 注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时,通常要在间接宾语
3、前加上适当的介词(如to, for等),以加强间接宾语的语气。五、含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时,常用it来作为被动句的形式主语,宾语从句保留不变。 They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。We havent decided when we should go camping. 我们还未决定什么时候去野营。 It hasnt been decide
4、d when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决定。提示：带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时,为了简练,还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语,从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。We believed that he would succeed.我们相信他会成功。He was believed to succeed.人们相信他会成功。Father expected that I should become an engineer.父亲希望我成为工程师。I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer.(父亲)希望我成
5、为工程师。六、不能用被动语态的若干情况不及物动词没有被动语态,如:rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie, last等。After the fire, nothing remained.那场大火之后，什么也没留下来了。误:After the fire, nothing was remained.不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如：take place, break out, belong to等。Great changes have taken place here since 1990.自1990年以来这里发生了巨大的变化.误:Great changes have
6、been taken place here since 1990.有的及物动词也没有被动语态.如cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, have, wish, hold, own, lack, fit, resemble, jump, mind等。如：She entered the room just now.他刚才进过房间。误:The room was entered by her just now.Tom jumped the queue.汤姆插队。 误:The queue was jumped by Tom.七、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例） 各种时态
7、的被动语态被动语态的构成be过去分词1一般现在时的被动语态am / is / are过去分词2一般过去时的被动语态was / were过去分词3现在进行时的被动语态am / is /are+ being过去分词4过去进行时的被动语态was / were +being过去分词5现在完成时的被动语态have / has been过去分词6过去完成时的被动语态had been过去分词7情态动词的被动语态can, may, must/could, might+ be过去分词8一般将来时的被动语态will / shall be过去分词9过去将来时的被动语态would / should be过去分词1.一
8、般现在时（am/ is/ are +done） The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.学生们每天都打扫教室。 2.一般过去时(was/ were +done) My bike was stolen last night.我的自行车昨天被偷了。 3.一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done) A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。 4.现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done
9、; was/ were being +done) The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。5.现在完成时(have/ has been + done) Two hundred trees have been planted by now.到现在为止,已经种了二百棵树了。 6.过去完成时(had been+done) They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。 7.含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+过去分词；You might be asked to speak a
10、t the meeting.可能请你在会上发言。八、主动形式表被动含义某些系动词,如feel, look, seem, appear, taste, sound, smell, prove, remain等用主动形式表示被动意义;主语通常是事物,且表示该事物本身具有某一固有特征。The material feels very soft.这种料子摸起来很柔软。 误:The material is felt very soft.The music sounds beautiful.这音乐听起来很美妙。 误:The music is sounded beautiful.表示主语由内在品质或性能,使得
11、主语得以实现或不能实现,用主动表示被动,常见的这类动词有:write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook, open, close, lock等。请看下面句子：The book sells well.这本书销路很好。 The door will not open.这扇门就是打不开。his dress washes better.这衣服较好洗。 The sign reads as follows.这牌子告示如下。有些动词不及物动词,只有主动形式,常视为主动表被动。常见的不及物动词(短语)有:happen, occur, take place, break out, be
12、long to, break out等。 The accident happened yesterday evening.事故发生在昨天晚上。 The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.抗日战争是1937年爆发的。 The fire went out gradually.火渐渐熄灭了。 All of our food has run out.我们的粮食都吃完了。不定式在下列情况下用主动形式表示被动意义：在“be+形容词+ to do”句型中。如：English words are difficult to remember.英语单词很难记。注：常用于此句型
13、形容词有easy, hard, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable等。在“there be/have/with sth. to do(有要)”结构中。如：I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。在“疑问代词+不定式”结构。如：The question is what to do next.问题是接下来做什么。在“be to blame/seek/let”结构中。如：The house is to let.此房出租。 He is to blame for this.他因此事应受到责备在表示“需要”的need, want, require,及be worth后的动词-ing形式,用主动形式表示被动含义。如：The bike needs (wants) repairing (= to be repaired).自行车需要修理了。The house wants painting(= to be painted).房子需要油漆了。That picture is worth looking at.那幅画值得看。
