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1、. 1 J I A N G S U U N I V E R S I T Y蜂巢结构仿生研究与应用学院名称：京江学院专业班级： J高分子1101 学生：胡文文学号： 41211260 16 指导老师：吴平2005年 12月Estimation of human-hemoglobin using honeyb structure:An application of photonic crystalabstract This paper proposes a method to estimate the hemoglobin concentration in human blood using 2D
2、 honeyb photonic crystal structure. Though a few works deal with similar kind of investigation, presentresearch delivers an accurate estimation of hemoglobin as pared to previous works. The principleof investigation is based on linear variation of both photonic band gap and absorbances with respect
3、to different concentration of hemoglobin in human blood. Aside these variations, energy transmittedthrough honeyb photonic crystal structure is also varied linearly with respect to same concentration.In this work, photonic band gap of honeyb structure is found using plane wave expansion method,where
4、as absorbance of same structure is puted by employing Maxwell Curl equation. Finally, simulation result revealed that transmitted energy through two dimensional honeyb photonic crystalstructure containing blood is nicely fitted with linear trend line (R2 = 1) which lead to an accurate investigation
5、of hemoglobin in human blood. At last, this paper proposes an experimental set up to measurethe said concentrations with the help of an Arduino developmentboard(Uno)containingAtmega320microcontroller.Keywords:Honeyb photonic crystal structurePhotonic band gapTransmitted energ1. IntroductionPhotonics
6、 crystals are made, artificially created materials inwhich refractive index is periodically modulated in a scale parable to the scale of the wavelength. Though the concept ofphotonic crystal has originated in the year 1857 by Lord Rayleigh,the research work in the field of photonic crystals is reali
7、zed afteralmost 100 years, when Yablonovitch and John published twomilestone papers on photonic crystals in 1987 13, since then,photonics have been progressing hastily and showing a remarkableresearch in the field of science and technology. As far as, application of photonic-devices are concerned, p
8、hotonic crystal play animportant role to envisage various application in modern technology 46. Though photonic crystal is used for different application,sensing application is one of the major relevance in photonics. As faras literature surveys on sensing application using photonic crystalstructure
9、is concerned, recently few papers deal with similar typeof research 713. Considering a brief remark on above references,it is seen that reference 7 presents a novel method to find out theconcentration of sugar, salt, and alcohol in their aqueous solution.In this case, the author used 2D photonic cry
10、stal structure with11 11 air holes.Also using same technique, concentration of PAMhydrogel and strength of Cygel is investigated in Refs. 8,9, respectively. Also in Refs. 10,11, the concentration of potassium chloridein their aqueous and intrallipid in human blood is estimated usingphotonic crystal
11、fiber. Apart from these, measurement of glycerolin BHG solution and concentration of hemoglobin in humanblood is investigated using 3D photonic crystal structure in Refs.12,13, respectively. Though Ref. 13 measures the concentrationof hemoglobin in human blood using 3D photonic crystal structure,it
12、is hard to fabricate 3D owing to photonic crystal structure. We inthis paper investigate the concentration of hemoglobin in humanblood using 2D honeyb photonic crystal structure. The reasonfor choosing such structure is that it can be easily fabricated; secondly, these structures predict accurate re
13、sult as pared to 3Dphotonic crystal structure, which is carried out in Ref. 13.Hemoglobin is a main ponent of the blood, which isimportant for transportation of oxygen in blood, which leadsto circulation of blood in vein. This circulation of human bloodsystem has default functions, such as supply of
14、 oxygen to tissues, supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fattyacids, removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid,immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, anddetection of foreign materials by antibodies, coagulation, messenger functions, regulatio
15、n of body PH, regulation oh core bodytemperature hydraulic function etc. for normal human body. Adeficiency of hemoglobin in human blood creates serious problemsuch as downstream tissue dysfunction, Leukemia, iron deficiency,anemia, multiple myeloma, etc. 1417. Keeping the importanceof hemoglobin in
16、 human blood, this paper estimates the concentration of hemoglobin in both oxygenated and deoxygenatedblood.This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the structure of the honeyb photonic crystal structure including theprinciple of measurement. Simulation result and interpretation ismade in Sect
